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LING 201 > Phonetics > Flashcards

Phonetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is Phonetics the study of?

A

Speech sounds

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2
Q

What are speech sounds?

A

a phonetically distinct unit of speech.

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3
Q

What is the Articulatory Process?

A

How you make sounds physically

Airstream mechanisms + phonation + articulation

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4
Q

Acoustic Process

A

Vibrations of air molecules at different frequencies and amplitudes

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5
Q

Speech segmentation into sounds

A

Creating segments of sounds, IPA symbols

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6
Q

What are the 3 necessary things needed for speech production?

A

Air supply: set air in motion
Sound source: modulate airflow (vocal folds in larynx)
Filters: modify the sound (Vocal tract= Pharynx, Oral cavity, Nasal cavity)

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7
Q

Egressive vs Ingressive airflow

A 
Egressive = breathing out to make sounds
Ingressive = breathing in to make sounds
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8
Q

Parts of the larynx

A

Vocal folds: pulled apart or together

Glottis: space between vocal folds

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9
Q

What are Glottal states?

A

Different positions of vocal folds

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10
Q

Name 4 glottal states

A

Voiceless
Voiced (modal)
Breathy (voiced)
Creaky

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11
Q

Voiceless (name the position of vocal folds, example of some voiceless sounds, vibration?)

A

Vocal folds = pulled apart
[s], [f], [h]
No vibration

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12
Q

Voiced (name the position of vocal folds, example of some voiced sounds, vibration?)

A

Vocal folds = brought together
[z], [v]
Vibration

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13
Q

What does the rate of vocal fold vibration change?

A

Makes different pitches

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14
Q

Breathy (name the position of vocal folds, example of some breathy sounds, vibration?)

A

Vocal folds = semi open
In English does not differentiate sounds but in some languages it does (eg. Hindi)
Still vibrates

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15
Q

Creaky (name the position of vocal folds, example of some creaky sounds, vibration?)

A

Vocal folds compressed and slack (open ad close irregularly)
Also does not distinguish sounds in English (does in Hausa)
Vibrates slowly and irregularly

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16
Q

Articulatory differences between vowels and consonants?

A

V: Open vocal tract
C: Constriction of the vocal tract

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17
Q

Aerodynamic differences between vowels and consonants?

A

V: laminar airflow (all same way and straight)
C: no or turbulent airflow (air flow goes all over)

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18
Q

Acoustic differences between vowels and consonants?

A

V: More acoustic energy, no noise
C: less acoustic energy, may involve intervals of silence or noise

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19
Q

3 ways to describe consonants

A

Voicing
Place of Articulation
Manner of Articulation

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20
Q

Consonant places of articulation

A 
Bilabial
Labiodental
Dental
Alveolar
Postaveolar
Retroflex
Palatal
Velar
Uvular
Pharyngeal 
Glottal
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21
Q

Where? Bilabial (examples?)

A

Lower and upper lip

[b], [p], [m]

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22
Q

Where? Alveolar (example?)

A

Tongue blade and alveolar ridge

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23
Q

Where? Retroflex (examples)

A

Underside of tongue tip and palate

Not really used in English

24
Q

Where? Velar (examples?)

A

Back of tongue and velum

25
Q

Where? Labiodental (examples?)

A

Lips Teeth

26
Q

Where? Dental (examples?)

A

Teeth

27
Q

Where? Alveopalatal (examples?)

A

Behind alveolar ridge

28
Q

Where? Palatal (examples?)

A

Palate flat part on roof of mouth

29
Q

Where? Uvular (examples?)

A

Uvula

no examples in English

30
Q

Where? Pharyngeal (examples?)

A

Pharynx most back of throat

31
Q

Where? Glottal (examples?)

A

Larynx

[h]

32
Q

What is a stop?

A

Stopping airflow: [p b t d k ɡ]

33
Q

Fricatives

A

Constricting airflow to create turbulent noise

[f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h]

34
Q

Nasals

A

Nasals: Diverting airflow to another resonator (nasal
cavity) [m n ŋ]
lowered velum

35
Q

Approximants and Laterals

A

Dramatically changing the oral
cavity resonator [ɹ/r/l]
Partial constriction without turbulence

36
Q

Aspiration?

A

Voiceless stops in English are often aspirated (release of stop with a burst of air)
Superscript h

37
Q

Affricates?

A

A stop and a fricative in fast succession

[t͡ʃ] or [tʃ]

38
Q

Glides?

A 
Important Approximant (semi vowel)
[j], [w]
39
Q

What is the vowel chart based on?

A

Vowel chart is organized according to where highest point in

the mouth the tongue is

40
Q

resonant frequencies?

A

The sound that is made

41
Q

Ways that we describe vowels?

A 
Height
Backness
Roundness 
Nasal (assume oral if otherwise)
length (assume short)
[i] is a high front unrounded vowel
42
Q

Monopthongs vs Dipthongs

A

[i] vs [aj], [ow]

Dipthongs still count as one segment

43
Q

What does the vowel chart look like?

A

Canadian vowel chart

44
Q

Oral vs nasal vowels

A

Oral: velum is raised
Air flow through oral cavity only
Nasal: Velum is lowered
Air flow through oral cavity and nasal cavity

45
Q

Suprasegmentals

A 
Phonetic and phonological phenomena that are ‘overlaid’ on segments (consonants & vowels)
e.g.
– Stress
– Tone and intonation
– Length
– …
46
Q

What does it mean to be a stressed syllable?

A

Stressed: tend to be louder
tend to be longer
May display a pitch movement

47
Q

Primary stress and secondary stress

A

psycholinguistics /ˌsaj.kow.lɪŋ.ˈɡwɪs.tɪks/
magnification /ˌmæɡ.nɪ.fɪ.ˈkej.ʃən/
generation /ˌdʒɛ.nə.ˈrej.ʃən/

48
Q

Tone? Change word meaning?

A 
Use pitch to signal differences in word meaning
lexical tone 
2 types:
Level tones (low,mid,high)
Contour tones (have shapes)
49
Q

Intonation? Change word meaning?

A

Pitch contrast to convey post-lexical meaning

same words different specific meanings

50
Q

Pitch accent?

A

• Tones associated to stressed syllables are called
pitch accents, and are often transcribed with a
star: L, H

51
Q

Boundary tones?

A

Tones associated with the edges of utterances are
called boundary tones, and are often transcribed
with a percent symbol: L%, H%

52
Q

Intonation phrase

A

Intonation phrase defined by sequence of at least one pitch accent and one boundary tone

53
Q

Length? Change word meaning?

A

Yes lexical

constrasts involving duration

54
Q

Flapping

A 
In North American English, what would be [t] in
other dialects often* realized as
[ɾ] : voiced alveolar flap
– butter [bʌɾɚ]
– parity [pɛɹɪɾi]
55
Q

What does the consonant table look like

A

Draw it

LING 201 (5 decks)

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