Phonation

Question 1

What is the goal of respiration?

Answer 1

The exchange of gases with atmospheric elements; oxygenation of blood & elimination of CO2.

Question 2

What is the mechanical pump of the lungs?

Answer 2

The thoracic rib cage.

Question 3

Is the larynx or pharynx responsible for breathing?

Answer 3

LARYNX

Question 4

Name the types of cavities & membranes on the lungs.

Answer 4

Parietal pleura - thoracic walls.
Visceral pleura - on lungs.
Pleural fluid - between thoracic walls & lungs.

Question 5

What is the function of the pleural membrane?

Answer 5

Keep lungs ‘stuck’ to the walls of the thoracic cavity via intrapleural pressure. This causes negative pressure but also allows movement of the lungs.

Question 6

How many pairs of ribs are there?

Answer 6

12

Question 7

What attaches the ribs to the sternum?

Answer 7

Costal cartilage.

Question 8

Name the types of ribs and why they are named so.

Answer 8

1-7 = true ribs; direct attachment to sternum.
8-10 = false; hitchhike on 6+7 to attach to sternum.
11-12 = floating; attach to sternum via cartilage.

Question 9

What are the boundaries of the superior thoracic opening?

Answer 9

1st ribs, superior border of the manubrium & T1.

Question 10

Name the types of vertebrae.

Answer 10

Cervical (7)
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar (5)
Sacrum (4)
Coccyx (5)

Question 11

Name 3 structures passing through the superior thoracic opening

Answer 11

Trachea, oesophagus, vagus nerve, phrenic nerve, arteries, veins.

Question 12

What are the boundaries of the inferior thoracic opening?

Answer 12

Costal cartilage 7-10, T12, 11th & 12th ribs.

Question 13

Name 3 structures passing through the inferior thoracic opening.

Answer 13

Oesophagus, vagus nerve, phrenic nerve, arteries, veins.

Question 14

Where does elevation & depression of ribs occur?

Answer 14

Costovertebral joints.

Question 15

How do false ribs lift?

Answer 15

Upwards in a ‘bucket handle movement’, increasing lateral volume.

Question 16

How do true ribs lift?

Answer 16

Upwards in a ‘pump handle movement’, increasing anteroposterior volume.

Question 17

Name the muscles which change the volume of the thoracic cavity?

Answer 17

Intercostals (x2)
Thoracic diaphragm
Neck & abdominal muscles

Question 18

What causes the diaphragm to flatten?

Answer 18

Contraction of muscles, it is pulled down with the thoracic cavity.

Question 19

What 2 cartilaginous structures is the larynx made up of?

Answer 19

Thyroid

Cricoid

Question 20

What is the pyriform sulcus?

Where is it?

Answer 20

Allows fluids to bypass larynx b/n swallows, transit passage.
Lateral to aditus laryngis.

Question 21

What are the biological functions of the larynx?

Answer 21

Protection of airways, expel foreign matter, enables one to hold breath, produces phonation.

Question 22

What are the components of the true vocal folds?

Answer 22

Vocal process of arytenoid cartilage
Vocal Ligament
Thyroarytenoid muscle
Superficial mucus membrane

Question 23

If volume flow is _____, velocity must ____ at an area of constriction, but have a corresponding ____ of pressure at the constriction.

Answer 23

If volume flow is CONSTANT, velocity must INCREASE at an area of constriction, but have a corresponding DECREASE of pressure at the constriction.

Question 24

Name the muscles involved in raising pitch.

Answer 24

Cricothyroid
Posterior cricoarytenoids
Thyroarytenoids
Suprahyoid muscles (genionhyoid, digastic, stylohyoid, mylohyoid)

Question 25

Name the muscles involved in lowering pitch.

Answer 25

Thyroarytenoids
Infrahyoid muscles (Thyroihyoid, sternohyoid, omiohyoid)