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Med Assisting > Phlebotomy Tests > Flashcards

Phlebotomy Tests Flashcards

1
Q

ALT

A

Diagnoses blood disorders

ALT is a liver enzyme that is released when liver cells are damaged. Often used in routine checkup, and to test liver health. This is typically a fasting test

(ALT: alanine transaminase)

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2
Q

Amylase

A

Measures levels of Amylase in blood

Amylase is an enzyme that aids in digesting carbs. Typically used to find out if there is a condition of the pancreas or salivary glands. The enzyme is present in those organs, small amounts are normal

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3
Q

AST (SGOT)

A

Measures level of AST In Blood

AST is an enzyme found in the heart, liver, and muscles in high amounts. damage to these organs releases AST into the bloodstream

      (AST: aspartate aminotransferse)
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4
Q

Apolipoprotein B (APOB)

A

protein that carries substances in your blood that make plaque, a waxy fat that can block arteries. Takes LDL and VLDL lipids where they need to go. Often preferred over lipid panel tests for diagnosing cardiovascular disease risk.

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5
Q

B-HCG QNT

A

Measures quantity of hCG levels to confirm pregnancy

hCG is a hormone that is made in the placenta. may also be used as a tumor marker in some cases

        (hCG: human chronic gonadotropin)
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6
Q

Karyotype Genetic Test

A

Measures size, shape and number of chromosomes. Usually tested on individuals with genetic disorders that runs in your family or if planning or already pregnant.

Diagnoses: Leukemia, Lymphoma, Multiple myeloma, Anemia

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7
Q

Bilirubin Direct

A

Measures levels of bilirubin in blood

Bilirubin is a pigment that excretes from broken down RBCs that are removed from blood by liver & changes the chemical makeup so that it can be passed by urine & feces. if levels are high, your RBCs may be breaking down faster than normal or your liver isnt breakibg down waste properly

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8
Q

Ketones

A

Measures levels of acids that your body makes when it breaks down fat for energy. Ketones can build in blood and urine.

Diagnosis: A1c, Blood, Glucose, Type 1 & 2 diabetes

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9
Q

BMP & CMP

A

Basic Metabolic Panel

Checks fluid balance and levels of electrolytes in the body. Tests for the following:

-Glucose
-Calcium
-Sodium, potassium, Co2, chloride
-BUN, creatinine

CMP: Comprehensive metabolic panel aka BMP + liver enzymes

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10
Q

BNP/Pro-BNP

A

Measures levels of natriuretic proteins made by heart and blood vessels, used to test for heart faliure

BNP is a hormone released in the bloodstream when its workibg harder to pump blood
Pro-BNP is an “ingredient” for BNP, made in larger amounts when blood is working harder

one is more sensative than the other for certain groups

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11
Q

BUN

A

Measures levels of urea nitrogen in the blood

Urea nitrogen is a waste product removed from bloodstream by the kidneys. Higher levels may indicate poor kidney function. Typically part of CMP

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12
Q

Calcium

A

Measures levels of Ca+ in the blood

Ca is one of the most important minerals in the body. Necessary for nerves, heart, and muscles to function properly. Also helps vessels move blood throughout body & helps release hormones.

Abnormal levels may be indicative of bone disease, thyroid disease, & many others

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13
Q

Cardiac Risk ‘lipid’

A

Measures triglycerides + 4 different cholesterol measurements to determine risk of cardiovascular problems

Tests include the following:
- Total Cholesterol
- LDL Choles.
- HDL choles.
- VLDL choles.
- Triglycerides

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14
Q

Auto Diff vs Non-Auto Diff

A

Auto diff: automated technique to sort groups of WBCs

Non-Auto Diff: Visual examination for abnormalities and more specific differentiation that would otherwise not be routinely reported

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15
Q

CBC & Associated Terminology

A
  • # of WBCs
  • # of RBCs
  • # of platelets
  • # hemoglobin
  • ratio of blood composed of RBCs (hematocrit)

High (Leukopenia) - Medication, infections, leukemia, severe stress, tissue damage
Low (Leukocytosis)- bone marrow failure, autoimmune diseases, long term infections, poor diet/nutrition

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16
Q

Cholesterol Total

A

Measures levels of cholesterol in blood

Made by liver & sourced from foods we eat.

The ‘total’ part measures:
LDL levels: bad cholesterol, main source of arterial blockage
HDL levels: good cholesterol, helps rid of bad cholesterol
Total cholesterol: combined act of the above two
Triglyceride levels: Type of fat found in blood. May inc. risk of heart disease
VLDL levels: another bad cholesterol, linked to plaque buildup in arteries

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17
Q

CK/CPK

A

Measures levels of CK in blood

CK is an enzyme that speeds up chemical reactions in the body, making energy. Mostly in skeletal muscles, some in heart, & small amounts in brain.

A small amount is typical, but high amounts may be indicative of muscle, heart, and tissue damage. Often used to monitor injuries and diseases that damage the above organs

(CK/CPK: Creatine kinase, creatine phosphokinase)

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18
Q

Creatinine

A

Measures levels of creatinine in the blood

Creatinine is normal waste product of the body. Made when muscle is used and some of it breaks down.

Increase in blood levels may be indicative of kidney problems

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19
Q

CRP

A

CRP is a protein made by the liver. Liver releases CRP into bloodstream if there is inflammation in the body.

May be indicative of a serious health condition causing chronic (long-term) inflammation such as autoimmune disorders & infections

(CRP: C-reactive protein)

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20
Q

D-dimer

A

D-dimer is a protein fragment that is made when a blood clot dissolves in the body. Otherwise typically not found in the body.

Often used to check for blood clots & high results may be indicative of blood clotting disorder such as DVT, PE, Stroke, DIC

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21
Q

Digoxin

A

Measures presence of Digoxin medication

Digoxin is used to manage/treat heart failure, abortion, & certain arrhythmias.
Drug class: Cardiac glycosides. Leads to better circulation & reduced swelling of extremities

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22
Q

Estradiol

A

Measures levels of hormone estradiol in the blood

Estradiol is one of the main types of estrogens. Released from ovaries & adrenal glands as well as placenta during pregnancy. Also produced in other parts of the body that causes tissue changes such as growth of womb, breast development, distribution of body fat, menopause, etc.

Also in small amounts in men to prevent early sperm death.

May be indicative of ovary, adrenal function, ovarian tumors, impoperly developed female characteristics, & to measure response to fertility treatments

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23
Q

Ferritin

A

Measures levels of protein ferritin in blood

Ferritin stores iron in the cells to be carried to the rest of the body. An abnormal result may be indicative of too much iron, anemia, liver diseases

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24
Q

Folate

A

Measures levels of folic acid in blood as well as other B9 vitamins.

Folate refers to this group of vitamins. Folic acid is a b9 vitamin that is important in RBC formation & healthy cell growth/function including DNA/RNA. This is done by breaking down carbs into sugars for energy. Aids in heart protection, hearing loss, and muscular degeneration in older groups, certain cancers.

Low levels may be a result of alcoholism, IBS, celiac disease, and certain medications

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25
Q

FSH

A

Measures levels of FSH

FSH is a hormone that plays a role in sexual development in children & fertility in adults.

Low FSH may be indicative of problems with pituitary gland, hypothalamus, reproductive glands

(FSH: follicule - stimulating hormones)

26
Q

GGT (SGGT)

A

Measures levels of GGT in blood

GGT is an enzyme found in the body, mostly in the liver. GGT may leak into bloodstream if liver is damaged

High amounts leaked into bloodstream may be indicative of liver disease or damage to bile ducts (carry bile in and out of the liver)

(GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase)

27
Q

Glucose

A

measures level of glucose in the blood

Glucose is a sugar the body breaks down for energy. insulin helps move glucose from bloodstream to cells

Too much glucose may be indicative of hyperglycemia, diabetes, issues with pancreas or adrenal glands

Too little is common in type 1 diabetes, & can cause brain damage and seizures

28
Q

Haptoglobin

A

Measures levels of haptoglobin in the blood

HP is a liver protein, attaches to a certain type of hemoglobin, creating the hapto-hemoglobin complex that is quickly cleared from bloodstream by liver. Complex causes elimination of free hemoglobins to prevent o2 radicals that can severely alter protein structure

29
Q

Hematocrit

A

Measures how much a persons blood is made up of RBCs

Measurement depends on size and quantity of cells

Low levels may be indicative of anemia
Too high may be indicative of polycythemia or erythrocytosis

30
Q

Hemoglobin (Hgb)

A

Measures level of hemoglobin in blood

Hemoglobin is a protein within RBCs that carries oxygen from lungs to the rest of the body & returns Co2. Low iron levels prevent hemoglobin from attaching to RBCs and thus cannot carry oxygen

Abnormal results may be indicative of a blood disorder

31
Q

Hepatic Panel

A

Measures levels of proteins and enzymes produced by the liver

Tests include the following:
-Albumin
-Total Protein
-ALP, ATT, AST,GGT enzymes
-Bilirubin
- Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
- PT

32
Q

HgB A1C

A

Measures percentage of RBCs with glucose-coated hemoglobin

Glucose is a sugar that sticks to hemoglobin over the course of 2-3 months.

33
Q

Insulin

A

Measures levels of Insulin in blood

Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas used to transport glucose to the bloodstream

High levels (Hyperglycemia): Brain malfunction
Low levels: Diabetes, pre-diabetes

34
Q

Iron/Iron binding TIBC

A

Measures levels of Iron in bloodstream

TIBC (Total iron binding capacity): measures how well iron attaches to protein for transportation

35
Q

LDH

A

Measures levels of LDH in blood

LDH is an enzyme that breaks down carbs for cell energy, esp in physical exercise. Abnormal results at rest may show sign of tissue damage. Lactic acid is used for cell respiration & molecule signaling

(LDH: lactic acid dehydrogenase)

36
Q

Lead

A

Measures levels of lead levels in the body

lead is a heavy metal that is not safe to be found in blood

High levels may cause kidney and liver damage and lead poisoning

37
Q

Lipoprotein A

A

Molecule made up of fat & proteins that can build up in the arteries, similar to LDL in structure. They carry cholesterol to the cells via arteries

38
Q

Magnesium

A

Measures levels of magnesium in the blood

Magnesium is an essential charged mineral (electrolyte) that helps your muscles, nerves and heart function. Magnesium levels in the body are controlled through the kidneys and intestines.

39
Q

Mercury

A

Measures levels of mercury in the blood

High levels can cause effects on the nervous system primarily. Often occurs when eaten heavy metals or too much shellfish with high mercury levels in it

40
Q

Monogam

A
41
Q

PHI

A

Measures 3 types of prostate specific antigens (PSA’s) to detect prostate cancer
1. Total PSA
2. Free PSA
3. (-2) proPSA

Levels above a certain threshold may be indicative of prostate cancer if antigens are released into the bloodstream

42
Q

Phosphorus

A

Measures amount of phosphate in the blood

Phosphate is an electrolyte you get from foods, and level is controlled by kidneys and intestines. P levels are also linked to your Ca2+(inc. in blood CA levels create dec. in phosphate levels), vit D (helps your body use phosphate), and parathyroid hormones (PTH)

43
Q

Potassium

A

Measures amount of K in the blood

K is an electrolyte required by cells, nerves, heart, and muscles to properly function. Often used to monitor or diagnose kidney diseases high blood pressure, and heart disease

Hyperkalemia: High K levels
HypoKalemia: Low K levels

44
Q

Progesterone

A

Measures progesterone levels in the blood

Prog. is a hormone mainly made by the ovaries. Low levels can be helpful in determining female infertility, and high levels for someone that isn’t pregnant is helpful in diagnosing issues in adrenal glands in both men and women. Also determines pregnancy risk and miscarriage risk

45
Q

Platelet count & terms for high and low platelet count

A

Measures amount of platelets in blood

Platelets are cells that help the blood clot.

Too few can be signs of cancer, infections, other health problems

Too many can put someone at risk for blood clots or stroke

Thrombocytopenia: lower P count
Thrombocytosis: higher P count

46
Q

Platelet function test

A

measures ability for platelets to form clots

Closure time: measures how long it takes for blood sample to plug hole in a tiny tube

Viscoelastometry: measures strength of blood clot

Platelet aggregometry: group of tests used to measure how well platelets clump together (aggregate)

Lumiaggregometry: Measures Amt of light produced when certain substances are added to blood sample. looks for defects in platelets

Flow Cytometry: Looks for protein on surface of platelets, can diagnose platelet disorders

Bleeding time: measures art of time for bleeding to stop on a small cut made in the forearm. Not as common today

47
Q

Prolactin

A

prolactin is a pituitary hormone, main role to signal breast tissue to grow during pregnancy & make milk

Hyperprolactinemia: higher than normal levels, can affect ovary function, erectile dysfunction in men, etc. Can be caused by benign tumor in gland, hypothyroidism, kidney disease, etc.

48
Q

PSA Screen/Diagnosis

A

Measures levels of Prostate-Specific Antigen in the blood

PSA is a protein made by prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system.

Typically used to screen for prostate cancer

49
Q

PT/INR

A

PT measures how long it takes for a clot to form in a blood sample.

INR: results may be used to create an (I)international (N)ormalized (R)atio, makes it easier for providers to compare & understand results

Prothrombin is a protein made by liver. One of several clotting(coagulation) factors.

Also used to check if medicine that prevents blood clots is working normally (for those with high clotting & need to prevent clogging arteries/veins)

50
Q

PT vs. PTT

A

PT: detects abnormalities in the extrinsic and common pathways of the coagulation cascade

PTT: detects abnormalities in the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade

51
Q

Reticulocyte count

A

Checks to make sure your bone marrow is making the right amount of RBCs

Reticulocytes are immature RBCs, made in the bone marrow and sent to the blood.

Too few: tissues are not getting enough oxygen
Too many: blood clots

52
Q

Sedimentation rate (ESR)

A

Measures how quickly RBCs settle in a test tube in one hour

The father the RBCs have fallen, the greater the inflammatory response

53
Q

T3 Total

A

T3: triiodothyronine

Used to help diagnose thyroid disease
T3 is one of the hormones made by the thyroid gland

A total test measures the amount of free T3 (active form that enters tissues where needed) & bound T3 (attached to certain proteins which prevent it from entering your tissues). Most T3 is bound

Can diagnose hyperthyroidism

54
Q

T4/ T4 free

A

T4: Thyroxine

Used to help diagnose thyroid conditions
T4 is the second of two thyroid hormones

Free T4 is the active form that enters tissues where needed, bound T4 are attached to proteins which is prevented from entering your tissues

Can diagnose hypo and hyperthyroidism

55
Q

Triglyceride

A

Measures amount of fat in blood

Triglycerides are used for E. Can help decide if you need to take action to lower your risk for heart disease

56
Q

TSH

A

TSH: thyroid stimulating hormone

Measures levels of this hormone that is made in the pituitary gland, and the TSH tells your thyroid how much hormone to make.

57
Q

Type & Screen

A

Pre-surgical test to determine your blood type in case you need a transfusion

58
Q

Uric Acid

A

uric acid is a normal waste product your body makes when it breaks down purines. purines are a chemical that come from cells when they die. It is then filtered out by the kidneys. If there is too much build up in the blood, it can cause needle-shaped crystals in/around the joints (Gout) and kidney stones

59
Q

Vitamin B12

A

B12: cobalamin

measures how well b12 is absorbed by the body.

b12 + folate test for certain types of anemia

60
Q

Vitamin D

A

Before your body can use vit-D, your liver changes it into another form called 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD). This is what the test is really measuring. The kidney uses 25(OH)D to make ‘active vit-D’, which lets your body use Ca+ to build bone and other cell functions

61
Q

WBC count

A

Measures count of the 5 different types of WBCs.

A high count is usually sign on an infection. Other immune disorders such as cancer and AIDS can attack these WBC and decrease the count below normal

62
Q
A

Med Assisting (2 decks)

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