Phlebotomy Chapter 3 Flashcards
Prefix
Word element that is added before the root at beginning Of the word
Example : endo prefix for inside
Not every medical term contains a prefix
Root
Main part of the word that describes what word is about
Example: cardio root for heart
Anterior
Front of the body
Posterior
Toward back of body
Medial
Toward the midline
Lateral
Towards the sides of the body
Distal
Away from the center or point of attachment
Proximal
Near the center or point of attachment opposite of distal
External or Superficial
Near the surface of the body
Internal or Deep
Far from the surface of the body
Dorsal
The back side
Ventral
The front side
Normal anatomical position
Erect standing position with arms at rest and palms free
Risk of fainting or falling no venipuncture like this
Supine
Lying or reclining face up on back
Best position for phlebotomy when patients in bed
Prone
Lying face toward bed on stomach
Not recommended for venipuncture awkward orientation of arms
Lateral recumbent position
Lying on left side
Not recommended for venipuncture patient can roll over harmful needle insertion
Homeostasis
Body strives for a steady.state remaining the same. Healthy body remains normal healthy condition
Hemostasis
The blood coagulation system. Control of blood clotting
Cardiovascular system
Transport network that effects every part of the body within seconds
The term cardiovascular refers to : cardiac muscle the heart the vascular system blood vessels that include veins,arteries,capillaries and the circulating blood.
Lab results used for the following reasons
- Diagnosis -heart enzyme levels help establish diagnosis of a heart attack
- Monitoring- glucose levels are used to monitor treatment of diabetes
- Therapy- drug levels can help determine effective dosage and prevent toxicity
- Screening- tests such as prostatic specific antigen can help the detection of prostate cancer
Most common body samples used for clinical lab analysis are
Blood and urine
Heart functions
- Muscular organ about size of an adults closed fist
- Contractions push blood throughout the body
- Average heart beats 60-80 times per minute
Aorta
- Largest artery of the body
- supplies oxygenated blood to the circulatory system
Atria and ventricles
Two upper and lower chambers of the heart contract to push blood through the heart
Vena cavae
- Largest vein of the body
- Carries deoxygenated blood into the heart
Arteries
- Have thicker elastic walls
- away from the heart
- carries oxygenated blood bright red
- transport blood from right and left chambers of heart to entire body
- have a pulse
Veins
- Transfers blood back yo heart and lungs
- blood dark in color
- have thin walls that appear bluish
- carry deoxygenated blood back to the lungs to release carbon dioxide
Antecubital Area
Anterior side near the bend of the arm preferred for venipuncture
Median cubital vein
Best for venipuncture it is generally the largest and best anchored vein
Circulating blood
Essential to homeostasis and to sustaining life. Any region of the body that is deprived of blood may die within minutes.
Normal adult contains 4-5 liters of blood.
Reproductive system
Functions:
Responsible for sexual characteristics of male and female proper functioning
Common disorders:
Infertility, cysts,cancer,sexually transmitted disease, tumors
Common laboratory tests:
Cytogenic analysis,semen analysts, biopsies, hormone analysis, PSA
Iatrogenic anemia
Anemia caused by the medical treatment itself taking large volumes of blood during venipuncture
Plasma
Liquid portion of the blood. 90% water and 10% dissolved substances
Erythrocytes (RBC)
Size- 4-6million
Function- transport O2 and CO2
Formation-bone marrow
Leukocytes (WBC)
Size- 5000-9000
Function- defense
Formation- bone marrow
Thrombocytes (platelets)
Size- 250,000- 450,000
Function- clotting
Formation- bone marrow
Serum
When blood specimen clots the liquid portion changes from plasma to serum
Coagulation phases
Vascular phase- once a blood vessel is injured the vessel constricts (vasoconstriction) to decrease blood flow to area
Platelet phase- platelets degranulate, clump together, and stick to injured site to form a plug and inhibit bleeding
Coagulation phase- fibrinogen, clotting factors, and calcium are released and form a fibrin mesh or clot
Clot reaction- after bleeding stops the clot retracts to heal the torn edges of the vessel
Fibrinolysis- when final repair is made and injured vessel heals the clot begins to dissolve or break up (lysis)
Capillary blood contains
Cells, plasma, arterial blood, venous blood
Cephalic vein
Extends almost to the entire length of the arm
