PHiP Flashcards
What is health promotion?
The process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health
What is included in the Ottawa chart for health promotion?
Strengthen community action Develop personal skills Enable mediate action Create supportive environments Reorientate health services
What is the medical approach to health promotion?
Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention
Ignores social determinants of health
What is secondary prevention?
Detecting and treating pre-symptomatic diseases
What is the behavioural change approach to health promotion?
Individuals: attitudes, behaviour, responsibility, choice.
Ignores social determinants of health
What is the educational approach to health promotion?
Enables individuals to make informed choices - Avoids persuasion. Provides skills.
Little on the social determinants of health
What is the empowerment approach to health promotion?
Enhancing the capacity of individuals/populations to identify and address their concerns
Recognises social determinants of health
What is the social change approach to health promotion?
Change society, not individuals
Physical & social environment leads to healthier choices
E.g. smoking ban
What is the precede-proceed model?
Phase 1: Social assessment Phase 2: Epidemiological assessment Phase 3: Educational and ecological assessment Phase 4: Administration/ policy assessment and intervention alignment Phase 5: Implementation Phase 6: Process evaluation Phase 7: Impact evaluation Phase 8: Outcome evaluation
Who did performed an experiment on conformity?
Solomon Asch
What is the aim of marketing?
To increase commercial sales
What is the aim of social marketing?
Address lack of knowledge
What is the aim of the social norms approach?
Address misperceptions of the norm
What is a theme?
Themes are recurrent and distinctive features of participants’ accounts, characterising particular perceptions and/or experiences, which the researcher sees as relevant to the research question
How are themes identified?
Immersing in the data, coding transcripts until data saturation, organising codes into categories, generating themes
What is AnSWeR?
Antenatal screening web resource. Interviews with people with tested-for conditions and their families
“The set of linked activities required to assess the … needs of a population, specify the services required to meet those needs within a strategic framework, secure those services, monitor and evaluate the outcomes” is…?
Commissioning
What are the 3 main stages of commissioning?
Planning, procurement, monitoring.
What are the 4 key lifestyle factors that come under multiple behaviours?
Alcohol, smoking, healthy diet, physical activity
What is the generalised drinking behaviour of over 65s?
More frequent, less heavy
What is the effect of employment on smoking and drinking?
More smokers unemployed. People in employment drink more frequently.
What are the 10 principles set out by the Kings Fund, concerning commissioning?
- Support for self-management
- Primary prevention
- Seconday prevention
- Reducing admissions for people with ambulatory care sensitive conditions
- Improving management of patients with mental and physical health needs
- Better coordinated and intergrated care
- Support for end-of-life care
- Effective medicines management
- Managing elective activity
- Systemating approach to urgent care
What was the intention of launching NICE?
To end care by postcode and standardise quality of care across the NHS.
What is the NHS 5YFV board?
Many different representative e.g. NHS England etc.
NHS 5 year forward view board.
What guidance does NICE give the NHS?
Technology appraisals Guidance on devices and diagnostics Medical technology guidance - cost saving Interventional procedures Clinical guidelines
What is interventional procedures guidance?
Guidance as to whether interventional procedures for diagnosis and treatment are safe enough and work well enough for routine use in the NHS
What is colloquial evidence?
Can compliment scientific evidence or give missing information on context. Evidence about values, practical considerations and the interests of specific groups.
What are the 6 agreed domains of guideline production?
Topic referral, scoping, development, consultation, validation, publication
What is the citizen’s council?
30 people who reflect the social make up of the population in England and Wales. Consider societal and ethical issues.
What must economic evaluation take into account?
Comparison of one health care intervention with one or more alternatives for the same population group.
The costs and consequences of interventions.
What are Patient Access Schemes?
A mechanism to share the cost of a new drug between the NHS and the company
What is the CDF?
Cancer drugs fund. Access to Ca drugs where NICE indicates there’s insufficient evidence. Must have plausible potential. Company must agree to fund the collection of a pre-determined data set within 24 months and make commercial access arrangement to make the drug affordable.
What shoudl be considered when acting out of guidelines?
CRIB:
Choice, risk, impracticality, benefits.
What is compliance with NICE?
If a clinician and their patient thinks a health technology is the right treatment and it is available on the NHS.
What is the difference between co-morbidity and multimorbidity?
Co-morbidity is when you have 2 diseases that are related. Multimorbidity is when you have more than one disease but they’re not related.
What is comorbidity?
A medical condition in a patient that causes, is caused by, or is otherwise related to another condition in the same patient.
What is multimorbidity?
Two or more medical conditions existing simulatneously regardless of their casual relationship.
What were the outcomes of the multimorbidity survery?
Age strongly associated but more than 1/2 occured in
What is an example of primary and secondary intervention?
B-You programme by Derby City Council.
First Diabetes in Derbyshire
What are integrated care pioneers?
14 areas including leads (12 health and social care teams in Leeds). Joint recovery centres, Early Start Service, information online etc.
What is polypharmacy
Cost-effective prescribing and reducing medication errors. Linked up service e.g. pharmacist, med reviews, IT, etc.
What can ‘community action’ be divided into?
Geographical
Community of interest
What is a statutory organisation?
Public sector. Directly funded by tax and revenues from the government.
What is a voluntary organisation?
Originally funded by charitable giving but now increasingly provide services commissioned by the public sector. Not necessarily publicly accountable.
What is HALE?
Health Action Local Engagement. Example of voluntary sector involvement.
What is health protection?
Preventing/ controlling infectious diseases
Reducing adverse effects of chemical, microbiological and radiological hazards
Preparing for potential or emerging threats
What is the swine flu virus’ name?
H1N1
What are some notifiable diseases?
Acute encephalitis Measles Acute meningitis Meningococcal septicaemia Acute poliomyelitis Mumps Acute infectious hepatitis Plague Anthrax Rabies Botulism Rubella Brucellosis SARs Cholera Smallpox Diphtheria Tetanus Enteric fever (typhoid or paratyphoid fever) Tuberculosis Food poisoning Typhus Haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS viral haemorrhagic fever (VHF) Infectious bloody diarrhoea Whooping cough Invasive group A streptococcal disease and scarlet fever Legionnaires’ Disease Yellow fever Leprosy Malaria
How can E Coli O157 be spread?
Food, environment, person to person.
What are the 3 different types of transmission?
Direct (e.g. faeco-oral, STI)
Indirect (vector or vehicle borne)
Airborne
What is the latent period?
Time when person has the disease but isn’t infectious yet
What is the infectious period?
Point in time where the person is infectious but not yet symptomatic
What is the most infectious and prevalent type of hepatitis?
Hep B
What illness causes a rash that feels like sandpaper?
Scarlet fever
What is the difference between Influenza A, B and C?
A= can infect many animals. Very prone to mutation. Antigenic drift. B= sporadic outbreaks, children, prone to mutation, human virus C= mild symptoms, stable human virus
What is Haemagglutin?
Helps virus binding and entry to cells
What is neuraminidase?
Helps release of newly formed viruses from infected cells
What are the different types of avian influenza?
H5N1 and H7
What are 3 examples of pandemic influenza?
Spanish Flu, Asian Flu and Hong Kong Flu
Why might vaccinating workers against seasonal flu help control avian flu?
Stop antigenic drift by coinfection with avian flu and human types of flu.
What happens in the containment phase of controlling a pandemic?
Identification of cases (swabs), treatment of cases, contact tracing, large scale prophylaxis
What is SSPE?
Subacute Sclerosing Pan-Encephalitis
Serious consequence of measles
What percentage of the world’s smokers live in low and middle income countries?
80%
What percentage of the world’s population live in slums?
32%
What percentage of GNP is required in low-income countries is required for health to meet the international development goals?
12%
What are the 5 different methods of funding healthcare?
- Direct out-of-pocket payment
- General taxation to the state
- Social health insurance
- Voluntary or private health insurance
- Donations or community health insurance.
What were the Millenium Development goals?
8 goals to be achieved by 2015. End poverty and hunger, universal education, gender equality, child health, maternal health, combat HIV/AIDS, environmental sustainability, global partnership.
What was the Post-2015 ‘universal agenda’?
- End extreme poverty
- Sustainable development
- Transform economies for jobs and inclusive growth
- Build peace and effective, open, accountable institutions for all
- Forge a new global partnership.
What is the asset Vs deficit approach to assessing a countries progress?
Measure a country’s assets (broadly well-being) instead of its deficits (GDP)
How can well-being in both a subjective and objective way?
Happiness life index: Quality and quantity of life
Ecological footprint (amount of biologically productive land and water used pp)
Social connectedness
Who set out the domains of well-being?
New Economics Foundation
What is the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being scale (WEMWBS)?
Transformed score ranges from 7-5. Looks at a population’s psychological well-being and was used on NW of England.
Who produced the better life index to compare countries?
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
What is a good local example of the asset approach?
Community health champions
What is leishmaniasis and how is it changing?
Skin disease transmitted by sand flies, travelling north
What outbreak occured in 2007 in Italy?
Chikungunya
How is Lyme Disease spreading?
To higher latitudes and altitudes following movement of ticks
What policy do WHO have to improve climate change?
“Healthy Hospitals”
