Phiosophical Logic and Reasoning Flashcards

1
Q

Define reasoning.

A

It is the process of forming conclusions, judgments, or inferences from facts or premises.

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2
Q

What is formal logic?

A

It is the study of deductive arguments.

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3
Q

What are deductive arguments?

A

It is an argument of which the conclusion is reached through reasoning.

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4
Q

What is a proposition?

A

Is a statement that is considered true or false.

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5
Q

What is the law of identity?

A

States that A is A, due to it’s properties, it is recognized as A.

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6
Q

What is the law of non-contradiction?

A

States that a proposition cannot be true and false at the same time.

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7
Q

What is the law of the excluded middle?

A

States that a specific proposition is either true or false, there is nothing in between; it is either A or B, there is nothing in between A and B.

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8
Q

What is the principle of sufficient reason?

A

States that everything must have a reason or a cause.

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9
Q

What is Ockam’s Razor?

A

It is a rule of thinking that suggests the most simple conclusion is the most logical.

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10
Q

What is an argument?

A

An argument consists of two premises the arguer claims to be true, followed by a conclusion.

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11
Q

If the conclusion of a deductive argument is logically entailed to it’s premises, it is…?

A

Valid.

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12
Q

Deductive arguments can either be…

A

Valid/invalid and true/untrue

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13
Q

What are inductive arguments?

A

It is an argument that makes a conclusion based on patterns.

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14
Q

Inductive arguments can either be….

A

Strong/weak

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15
Q

What are abductive arguments?

A

They are arguments that are based on a “best guess”., goes to the most plausible conclusion

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16
Q

If the premises are true for a deductive argument then the conclusion…

A

Must be true.

17
Q

If the conclusion of a deductive argument is valid then the premises…

A

May or may not be true.

18
Q

It is unlikely for the premises of an inductive argument to be true and the conclusion….

19
Q

The Attack on the Person fallacy refers to…

A

Criticizing the other person rather than their argument.

20
Q

The Appeal to Tradition fallacy refers to…

A

Justifying a practice just because it is tradition.

21
Q

The Attack on the Motive fallacy refers to…

A

Criticizing the credibility of the other party, accusing them of ulterior motives/biases.

22
Q

The Bandwagon Argument/Appeal to Popularity fallacy refers to…

A

Justifying something just because it is accepted by many other people.

23
Q

The Straw Man fallacy refers to…

A

Misrepresenting an argument, turning it into something it isn’t.

24
Q

The Appeal to Ignorance fallacy refers to…

A

Believing something is simply true or false, due to a lack of evidence.

25
Q

The Begging the Question/Circular Argument fallacy refers to…

A

Using the very thing to be proved is assumed in the proof itself.

26
Q

The Equivocation fallacy refers to…

A

Using a term that has two meanings in a way that presents the two meanings as one.

27
Q

The Loaded Term fallacy refers to…

A

Using a term broadly/narrowly in order to drive a particular conclusion.

28
Q

The Slippery Slope fallacy refers to…

A

Attacking an action/policy because it would trigger a chain of events that would lead to a clearly undesirable result.

29
Q

The Accident fallacy refers to…

A

Applying a rule that should not be applied in the specific situation it is being applied to.

30
Q

The Converse Accident/Hasty Generalization fallacy refers to…

A

Arguing for/undermining a general rule based on only one thing, overlooking accidental/atypical features of the situation.

31
Q

The Composition fallacy refers to…

A

Treating the parts of something the same as the whole.

32
Q

The Decomposition fallacy refers to…

A

Treating the whole of something the same as the parts of it.