Philospohy Final Questions Flashcards
What is critical thinking?
“Critical Thinking is the ability to think clearly and rationally about what to do or what to believe”
True or False.
Critical thinking is a domain-general skill
True.
Critical thinking is useful no matter what you do
What is an argument?
An argument is a set of statements. One statement is the conclusion and supported by other statements.
What are statements?
Statements are sentences or parts of sentences that assert that something is the case
Which is NOT a type of sentence?
a) Statements
b) Interrogative
c) Complex
d) Imperative
Complex
An interrogative sentence is…
Sentences that ask a question
An imperative sentence is…
Sentences that issue a command
A statement is…
Sentences that are used to make assertions
This type of form is:
(P1) It is raining.
(P2) If it is raining, then it is wet outside.
(P3) Therefore, It is wet outside.
Standard Form
True or False.
An argument is sound when it is valid and all its premises are true.
True
What DOESN’T make an argument valid?
a) If there is no logically possible situation
b) All the premises are true
c) The conclusion is false as well
d) The argument has a true conclusion
The argument has a true conclusion
An invalidating counterexample is…
For an argument is logically possible scenario, where the premise is true and the conclusion is false
X is a necessary condition for Y just in case X is required for Y.
True
X is a sufficient condition for Y just in case X guarantees Y.
True
What type of impossibility is this?
It is impossible for a triangle to have 4 sides.
Logical impossibility
What type of impossibility is this?
It is not possible to travel faster than light.
Nomological impossibility
What type of impossibility is this?
You can’t drink if you are under 19.
Legal impossibility
True or false.
An argument is valid if and only if there is no logically possible situation where all the premises are true and the conclusion is false at the same time.
True
An implicit premise is…
Part of an argument that is not explicitly stated
True or False
An inductive argument is an invalid argument
True
True or False.
An inductively strong argument has a conclusion that is always true.
False
True or False.
An inductive argument has to do with how strong the conclusion is not the supporting premises.
False
A deductive argument is…
An argument intended to be valid
An inductive argument is…
An argument intended to be inductively strong
True or False.
A valid argument is all or nothing
True
True or False.
A “good” argument is the same thing as a valid argument, a sound argument, and a inductively strong argument.
False
Which is NOT a feature of a good argument?
a) Have true premises
b) Be valid
c) Be inductively strong
d) Conclusions must be true
e) State a false premise
d) Conclusions must be true
e) State a false premise
True or False.
In argument mapping a co-premise is linked together in a V-shape.
False
True or False.
In argument mapping the independent premises are linked in a Y-shape.
False
The literal meaning of a word is…
The meaning assigned to it by convention
The meaning of complex linguinsic expression
Literal meaning of the words in the expression
True or False.
‘Conversational implicatures are implicatures that arise from a particular conversational context.
True
True or False.
Conversational implicatures can’t be cancelled.
False
True or False.
Conversational implicatures can be reinforced.
True
True or False.
Definiendum is the term being defined.
True
True or False.
Definiens are the words that define the definiendum.
True
Which is NOT a type if definition?
a) Stipulative definition
b) Reportive definition
c) Regression Definition
c) Regression Definition
A reportive definition is…
A definition that reports a terms existing meaning
a stipulation definition is…
A definition that assigns a meaning to a term
What are the 2 ways a reportive definition can be incorrect?
a) They can be incorrect
b) They can be too broad
c) They can be too optimistic
d) They can be too narrow
B) They can be too broad
D) They can be too narrow
A verbal dispute is..
an apparent disagreement in which the parties agree on the relevant facts but use words differently
A factual dispute is…
a disagreement in which the parties disagree on a fact
Ambiguity means…
a) a questions that is humorous
b) an expression that means or refers to more than one thing
c) an expression that continues to refer to a certain thing
b) an expression that refers to more than one thing
Lexical ambiguity means…
a) it has more than one literal meaning
b) is it not clear what is being referred to
c) an expression can be understood as having many grammatical structures with different meanings
a) it has more than one literal meaning
Referential ambiguity means…
a) it has more than one literal meaning
b) is it not clear what is being referred to
c) an expression can be understood as having many grammatical structures with different meanings
b) It is not clear what is being referred to
Syntactic ambiguity means…
a) it has more than one literal meaning
b) is it not clear what is being referred to
c) an expression can be understood as having many grammatical structures with different meanings
c) an expression can be understood as having many grammatical structures with different meanings
True or False.
An argument equivocates when a key term in it switches meaning.
True
Which is NOT an example of a linguistic pitfall?
Ambiguity
Vagueness
Incomplete meaning
Inappropriate emotional connotation
Category mistake
Empty meaning
Jargon and gobbledygook
None of them
None of them
Vague means…
unclear,uncertain, or indefinite meaning(ex. he is small)
Imcomplete meaning means…
not having all the necessary or approriate parts
Inapropriate Emotional Connotation…
occurs when emotionally laden language is inapporately used
Category Mistakes…
occurs when a statement ascribes a property to do something that does not make sense
Empty meaning means…
when that a statament provides little to no information
Jargon means…
Groups of people use special vocabulary to communicate quickly and effectively
Gobbledygook means…
is obscure and convoluted language. For example to sound smart and the statement can be wordy
True or False.
Scientific Reasoning is the reasoning used to explain, predict and control phenomena.
True
What does Scientific reasoning NOT include?
a) Design Experiments
b) Test Hypotheses
c) Use reasoning based on others
d) Interpret data
c) use reasoning based on others
True or False.
The Hypothetical Deductive Method has 3 steps?
False
Which is Not a step in the Hypothetical deductive method?
a) Identify a hypothesis to test
b) Generate predictions
c) Use experiments
d) Have another scientist take over experiments
e) Check to see if the hypothesis is confirmed or disconfirmed
D) Have another scientist taken over the experiments
Confirmation means…
When it is more than likely than before to be true
True or False.
A confirmed hypothesis means it is established
False
Discomfirmation means…
When it is less likely to be true
True or False.
A method can disconfirm but cannot conclusilvey show that it is false.
True
True or False
Auxiliary Assumptions…
Hypothesis + Auxiliary Assumptions = Predictions
True
True or False
There are 7 considerations in Theory Choice.
False
Which is NOT part of the 6 considerations?
a) Consistency with the observations
we are trying to explain
b) Predictive power
c) Mechanism
d) Dogma
e) Fruitfulness
f) Simplicity
g) Coherence
d) Dogma
True or False.
Scientific experiments should not be replicable.
False
True or False.
Peer review is the process of reviewing scientific work by other scientists before it is published.
True
True or False
Reports of scientific studies often press often over simplify and exaggerate
True
Ad Hominem is…
Arguing against the opponents claim or the arugment by attacking the oppent rather than the argument
Affriming the consequent is…
Arguing in the following form
If P then Q. Q. Therefore, P.
Denying the antecedent…
Arguing as follows
If P, then Q. Not P. Therefore not Q
Begging the question means…
Making an argument with the premises that presuppose its conclusion
Red herring…
Invoking an irrelevant issue that diverts attention from the main subject
Straw Man means…
Misrepresenting a claim or argument in order to make a claim
True or False
Cognitive biases are persistent and widespread psychological tendecies that can be detrimental to objectivity
True
Memory Biases are…
biases that affect how we encode and recall informarion
True or False
Recency effects is when we tend to forget more recently presented information
False
True or False
Primacy effect is when we better recall information presented at the start of a list or sequence
True
The availability bias is…
We largely base estimates of frequency and probability on how easy it is to recall
True or False.
A context bias is a bias in judgement triggered by irrelevant features of the context in which the judgement is made.
True
True or False.
The anchoring effect is when we use an arbitrary reference points as an “anchor” from which we make minor adjustments to arrive at our judgement.
True
True or False.
The framing effect is when irrelevant features of the way that a problem is formulated and affects our judgment.
True
Evidential failures are…
Cases in which we fail to use information and evidence correctly
Confirmation bias…
We tend to look for evidence confirming our beliefs rather than disconfirming evidence
True or False.
Ego biases are biases concerning our perception of others and how we see ourselves in relation to others
False.
Ego biases are biases concerning our perception of ourselves and how we see others.
The above average effect is…
Most people think they are better than average at any given activity
What type of valid pattern is this?
If P then Q. Therefore Q
Modus Ponens
What type of Valid pattern is this?
If P then Q, Not P. Therefore Q
Modus Tollen
True or False.
The form of a hypothetical Syllogism is:
If P then Q. If Q then R. Therefore, if P then R.
True
What type of form is this?
P or Q. If P then R. If Q then S. Therefore, R or S
Disjunctive Syllogism
True or False.
All circular arguments are actually false.
False. All circular arguments are actually true.
