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Final Exam Study Flash Cards > Philospohy Final Questions > Flashcards

Philospohy Final Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What is critical thinking?

A

“Critical Thinking is the ability to think clearly and rationally about what to do or what to believe”

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2
Q

True or False.
Critical thinking is a domain-general skill

A

True.
Critical thinking is useful no matter what you do

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3
Q

What is an argument?

A

An argument is a set of statements. One statement is the conclusion and supported by other statements.

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4
Q

What are statements?

A

Statements are sentences or parts of sentences that assert that something is the case

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5
Q

Which is NOT a type of sentence?
a) Statements
b) Interrogative
c) Complex
d) Imperative

A

Complex

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6
Q

An interrogative sentence is…

A

Sentences that ask a question

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7
Q

An imperative sentence is…

A

Sentences that issue a command

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8
Q

A statement is…

A

Sentences that are used to make assertions

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9
Q

This type of form is:
(P1) It is raining.
(P2) If it is raining, then it is wet outside.
(P3) Therefore, It is wet outside.

A

Standard Form

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10
Q

True or False.
An argument is sound when it is valid and all its premises are true.

A

True

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11
Q

What DOESN’T make an argument valid?
a) If there is no logically possible situation
b) All the premises are true
c) The conclusion is false as well
d) The argument has a true conclusion

A

The argument has a true conclusion

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12
Q

An invalidating counterexample is…

A

For an argument is logically possible scenario, where the premise is true and the conclusion is false

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13
Q

X is a necessary condition for Y just in case X is required for Y.

A

True

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14
Q

X is a sufficient condition for Y just in case X guarantees Y.

A

True

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15
Q

What type of impossibility is this?
It is impossible for a triangle to have 4 sides.

A

Logical impossibility

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16
Q

What type of impossibility is this?
It is not possible to travel faster than light.

A

Nomological impossibility

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17
Q

What type of impossibility is this?
You can’t drink if you are under 19.

A

Legal impossibility

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18
Q

True or false.
An argument is valid if and only if there is no logically possible situation where all the premises are true and the conclusion is false at the same time.

A

True

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19
Q

An implicit premise is…

A

Part of an argument that is not explicitly stated

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20
Q

True or False
An inductive argument is an invalid argument

A

True

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21
Q

True or False.
An inductively strong argument has a conclusion that is always true.

A

False

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22
Q

True or False.
An inductive argument has to do with how strong the conclusion is not the supporting premises.

A

False

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23
Q

A deductive argument is…

A

An argument intended to be valid

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24
Q

An inductive argument is…

A

An argument intended to be inductively strong

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25
Q

True or False.
A valid argument is all or nothing

A

True

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26
Q

True or False.
A “good” argument is the same thing as a valid argument, a sound argument, and a inductively strong argument.

A

False

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27
Q

Which is NOT a feature of a good argument?
a) Have true premises
b) Be valid
c) Be inductively strong
d) Conclusions must be true
e) State a false premise

A

d) Conclusions must be true
e) State a false premise

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28
Q

True or False.
In argument mapping a co-premise is linked together in a V-shape.

A

False

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29
Q

True or False.
In argument mapping the independent premises are linked in a Y-shape.

A

False

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30
Q

The literal meaning of a word is…

A

The meaning assigned to it by convention

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31
Q

The meaning of complex linguinsic expression

A

Literal meaning of the words in the expression

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32
Q

True or False.
‘Conversational implicatures are implicatures that arise from a particular conversational context.

A

True

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33
Q

True or False.
Conversational implicatures can’t be cancelled.

A

False

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34
Q

True or False.
Conversational implicatures can be reinforced.

A

True

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35
Q

True or False.
Definiendum is the term being defined.

A

True

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36
Q

True or False.
Definiens are the words that define the definiendum.

A

True

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37
Q

Which is NOT a type if definition?
a) Stipulative definition
b) Reportive definition
c) Regression Definition

A

c) Regression Definition

38
Q

A reportive definition is…

A

A definition that reports a terms existing meaning

39
Q

a stipulation definition is…

A

A definition that assigns a meaning to a term

40
Q

What are the 2 ways a reportive definition can be incorrect?
a) They can be incorrect
b) They can be too broad
c) They can be too optimistic
d) They can be too narrow

A

B) They can be too broad
D) They can be too narrow

41
Q

A verbal dispute is..

A

an apparent disagreement in which the parties agree on the relevant facts but use words differently

42
Q

A factual dispute is…

A

a disagreement in which the parties disagree on a fact

43
Q

Ambiguity means…
a) a questions that is humorous
b) an expression that means or refers to more than one thing
c) an expression that continues to refer to a certain thing

A

b) an expression that refers to more than one thing

44
Q

Lexical ambiguity means…
a) it has more than one literal meaning
b) is it not clear what is being referred to
c) an expression can be understood as having many grammatical structures with different meanings

A

a) it has more than one literal meaning

45
Q

Referential ambiguity means…
a) it has more than one literal meaning
b) is it not clear what is being referred to
c) an expression can be understood as having many grammatical structures with different meanings

A

b) It is not clear what is being referred to

46
Q

Syntactic ambiguity means…
a) it has more than one literal meaning
b) is it not clear what is being referred to
c) an expression can be understood as having many grammatical structures with different meanings

A

c) an expression can be understood as having many grammatical structures with different meanings

47
Q

True or False.
An argument equivocates when a key term in it switches meaning.

A

True

48
Q

Which is NOT an example of a linguistic pitfall?
Ambiguity
Vagueness
Incomplete meaning
Inappropriate emotional connotation
Category mistake
Empty meaning
Jargon and gobbledygook
None of them

A

None of them

49
Q

Vague means…

A

unclear,uncertain, or indefinite meaning(ex. he is small)

50
Q

Imcomplete meaning means…

A

not having all the necessary or approriate parts

51
Q

Inapropriate Emotional Connotation…

A

occurs when emotionally laden language is inapporately used

52
Q

Category Mistakes…

A

occurs when a statement ascribes a property to do something that does not make sense

53
Q

Empty meaning means…

A

when that a statament provides little to no information

54
Q

Jargon means…

A

Groups of people use special vocabulary to communicate quickly and effectively

55
Q

Gobbledygook means…

A

is obscure and convoluted language. For example to sound smart and the statement can be wordy

56
Q

True or False.
Scientific Reasoning is the reasoning used to explain, predict and control phenomena.

A

True

57
Q

What does Scientific reasoning NOT include?
a) Design Experiments
b) Test Hypotheses
c) Use reasoning based on others
d) Interpret data

A

c) use reasoning based on others

58
Q

True or False.
The Hypothetical Deductive Method has 3 steps?

A

False

59
Q

Which is Not a step in the Hypothetical deductive method?
a) Identify a hypothesis to test
b) Generate predictions
c) Use experiments
d) Have another scientist take over experiments
e) Check to see if the hypothesis is confirmed or disconfirmed

A

D) Have another scientist taken over the experiments

60
Q

Confirmation means…

A

When it is more than likely than before to be true

61
Q

True or False.
A confirmed hypothesis means it is established

A

False

62
Q

Discomfirmation means…

A

When it is less likely to be true

63
Q

True or False.
A method can disconfirm but cannot conclusilvey show that it is false.

A

True

64
Q

True or False
Auxiliary Assumptions…
Hypothesis + Auxiliary Assumptions = Predictions

A

True

65
Q

True or False
There are 7 considerations in Theory Choice.

A

False

66
Q

Which is NOT part of the 6 considerations?
a) Consistency with the observations
we are trying to explain
b) Predictive power
c) Mechanism
d) Dogma
e) Fruitfulness
f) Simplicity
g) Coherence

A

d) Dogma

67
Q

True or False.
Scientific experiments should not be replicable.

A

False

68
Q

True or False.
Peer review is the process of reviewing scientific work by other scientists before it is published.

A

True

69
Q

True or False
Reports of scientific studies often press often over simplify and exaggerate

A

True

70
Q

Ad Hominem is…

A

Arguing against the opponents claim or the arugment by attacking the oppent rather than the argument

71
Q

Affriming the consequent is…

A

Arguing in the following form
If P then Q. Q. Therefore, P.

72
Q

Denying the antecedent…

A

Arguing as follows
If P, then Q. Not P. Therefore not Q

73
Q

Begging the question means…

A

Making an argument with the premises that presuppose its conclusion

74
Q

Red herring…

A

Invoking an irrelevant issue that diverts attention from the main subject

75
Q

Straw Man means…

A

Misrepresenting a claim or argument in order to make a claim

76
Q

True or False
Cognitive biases are persistent and widespread psychological tendecies that can be detrimental to objectivity

A

True

77
Q

Memory Biases are…

A

biases that affect how we encode and recall informarion

78
Q

True or False
Recency effects is when we tend to forget more recently presented information

A

False

79
Q

True or False
Primacy effect is when we better recall information presented at the start of a list or sequence

A

True

80
Q

The availability bias is…

A

We largely base estimates of frequency and probability on how easy it is to recall

81
Q

True or False.
A context bias is a bias in judgement triggered by irrelevant features of the context in which the judgement is made.

A

True

82
Q

True or False.
The anchoring effect is when we use an arbitrary reference points as an “anchor” from which we make minor adjustments to arrive at our judgement.

A

True

83
Q

True or False.
The framing effect is when irrelevant features of the way that a problem is formulated and affects our judgment.

A

True

84
Q

Evidential failures are…

A

Cases in which we fail to use information and evidence correctly

85
Q

Confirmation bias…

A

We tend to look for evidence confirming our beliefs rather than disconfirming evidence

86
Q

True or False.
Ego biases are biases concerning our perception of others and how we see ourselves in relation to others

A

False.
Ego biases are biases concerning our perception of ourselves and how we see others.

87
Q

The above average effect is…

A

Most people think they are better than average at any given activity

88
Q

What type of valid pattern is this?
If P then Q. Therefore Q

A

Modus Ponens

89
Q

What type of Valid pattern is this?
If P then Q, Not P. Therefore Q

A

Modus Tollen

90
Q

True or False.
The form of a hypothetical Syllogism is:
If P then Q. If Q then R. Therefore, if P then R.

A

True

91
Q

What type of form is this?
P or Q. If P then R. If Q then S. Therefore, R or S

A

Disjunctive Syllogism

92
Q

True or False.
All circular arguments are actually false.

A

False. All circular arguments are actually true.

Final Exam Study Flash Cards (4 decks)

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