Philosophy_of_Mind_Flashcards

Question 1

Mind-Body Problem

Answer 1

Concerns the relationship between mental processes and the physical world.

Question 2

Dualism

Answer 2

Belief in the fundamental difference between mind (non-physical) and matter (physical).

Question 3

Substance Dualism

Answer 3

Mind and body are distinct substances. Associated with René Descartes.

Question 4

Property Dualism

Answer 4

Mental states are non-physical properties of physical substances.

Question 5

Physicalism

Answer 5

The mind is fundamentally physical.

Question 6

Reductive Physicalism

Answer 6

Mental states can be reduced to physical states.

Question 7

Non-Reductive Physicalism

Answer 7

Mental states are physical but not reducible to physical properties.

Question 8

Idealism

Answer 8

Reality is fundamentally mental or spiritual.

Question 9

Consciousness

Answer 9

The state of being aware of and able to think about one’s own existence, sensations, thoughts, surroundings, etc.

Question 10

Qualia

Answer 10

Subjective, individual experiences (‘what it’s like’ aspect).

Question 11

Hard Problem of Consciousness

Answer 11

Explaining how and why we have qualia or subjective experiences.

Question 12

Theories of Consciousness

Answer 12

Various models trying to explain consciousness (e.g., Integrated Information Theory, Global Workspace Theory).

Question 13

Intentionality

Answer 13

The quality of mental states that are about, or directed at, things or states of affairs.

Question 14

Aboutness

Answer 14

The aspect of mental states being directed at or about something.

Question 15

Theories of Intentionality

Answer 15

Various models explaining how mind represents objects and states (e.g., Representationalism).

Question 16

Mental Causation

Answer 16

How mental states can cause physical events and vice versa.

Question 17

Interactionism

Answer 17

A theory that mental states and physical states can interact and cause each other.

Question 18

Epiphenomenalism

Answer 18

Mental states are by-products of physical processes and have no causal power.

Question 19

Free Will and Determinism

Answer 19

Debates whether human actions are determined by causes external to the will or if humans have control over their actions.

Question 20

Libertarianism

Answer 20

Free will is incompatible with determinism, and humans have free will.

Question 21

Compatibilism

Answer 21

Free will is compatible with determinism.

Question 22

Hard Determinism

Answer 22

Free will does not exist, and determinism is true.

Question 23

Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence

Answer 23

Explores the nature and possibility of artificial intelligence and its ethical implications.

Question 24

Artificial Consciousness

Answer 24

Question of whether machines can be conscious.

Question 25

AI Ethics

Answer 25

Moral implications of artificial intelligence.

Question 26

Philosophy of Perception

Answer 26

Study of how the mind understands the world through the senses.

Question 27

Direct Realism

Answer 27

We perceive the world directly as it is.

Question 28

Indirect Realism

Answer 28

We perceive the world through mental representations.

Question 29

Phenomenalism

Answer 29

Objects are logical constructions out of sensory experiences.

Question 30

Philosophy of Language and Mind

Answer 30

Explores the relationship between language and thought, and theories of meaning.

Question 31

The relationship between language and thought

Answer 31

How language influences or reflects our thoughts and perceptions.

Question 32

Theories of Meaning

Answer 32

How words and sentences can represent the world.

Question 33

Personal Identity

Answer 33

Concerns what makes someone the same person over time.

Question 34

Theories of Personal Identity

Answer 34

Various theories about what constitutes personal identity (e.g., body, soul, psychological continuity).

Question 35

Extended and Embodied Mind

Answer 35

The theory that the mind extends beyond the brain and body into the environment.

Question 36

Embodiment Theory

Answer 36

Cognitive processes are deeply rooted in the body’s interactions with the world.