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AS-Level Philosophy > Philosophy Unit 1 > Flashcards

Philosophy Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Agent

A

The person who performs an action; the author of an action.

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2
Q

Altruistic act

A

An action that solely benefits people other than the agent of the action.

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3
Q

Analytic statement

A

A statement in which the predicate is contained in the subject.

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4
Q

a posteriori

A

What is known/justified on the basis of experience.

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5
Q

a priori

A

What is known/justified independent of experience.

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6
Q

Basic belief

A

A belief that justifies itself; a non-inferentially justified belief.

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7
Q

Belief

A

A thought about the world a person asserts as true.

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8
Q

Categories

A

The concepts Kant judges necessary for experience.

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9
Q

Causation

A

X causes Y such that X produces or is responsible for Y.

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10
Q

Certainty

A

A state in which a person cannot doubt a given proposition.

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11
Q

Character trait

A

A pattern of judgement, desire and feeling.

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12
Q

Coherentism

A

The claim that a belief is justified if it coheres with other beliefs.

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13
Q

Concept

A

Concepts are the constituents of thoughts.

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14
Q

Conceptual relativism

A

The view that the particular set, or scheme, of concepts we have is relative to (e.g.) the community we live in.

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15
Q

Conceptual scheme

A

A set of concepts.

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16
Q

Conclusion

A

A proposition inferred from other propositions.

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17
Q

Contingent truth

A

A statement that happens to be true but which we can imagine being false in different circumstances.

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18
Q

Deduction

A

An argument in which the truth of premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion.

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19
Q

Deontology

A

The view that duty is the fundamental ethical concept.

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20
Q

Disposition

A

see character trait.

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21
Q

Duty

A

Literally, what is owed. Duties are the things we are required to do; alternatively, what morality demands of us.

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22
Q

Egoism

A

Any views that have self-interest at their core.

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23
Q

Empiricism

A

The view that knowledge originates in, and is justified by, experience.

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24
Q

Epistemology

A

The theory of knowledge.

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25
Q

Ethical egoism

A

The view that it is morally good to do what is in one’s self interest.

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26
Q

Ethics

A

The study of good/bad, right/wrong; the study of moral judgement; the study of moral motivation

27
Q

Eudaimonia

A

Literally, a blessed life. Traditionally translated as happiness: a worthwhile life, a life well-lived

28
Q

Fallacy

A

A mistake in reasoning

29
Q

False

A

A statement or proposition that does not accurately represent a state of affairs

30
Q

Foudationalism

A

The view that a belief is justified if it is ultimately inferred from basic beliefs

31
Q

Hedonism

A

Views that put pleasure at their core (hedone = pleasure)

32
Q

Hypothetical imperative

A

An order an agent must obey only if he has a particular desire

33
Q

Imperative

A

Grammatical category: statements that are orders

34
Q

Incorrigible

A

A proposition that cannot be correct

35
Q

Indubitable

A

A proposition that cannot be doubted

36
Q

Induction

A

An argument in which the premises render a conclusion merely probable

37
Q

Inference

A

The generation of a new proposition or statement through the combination of other statements.

38
Q

Innate Ideas

A

Concepts that are not acquired and are part of our rational nature

39
Q

Innate knowledge

A

Statements we know as part of our rational nature

40
Q

Justification

A

The state of it being reasonable to believe something

41
Q

Knowledge

A

The state of having, at least, a justified true belief about something

42
Q

Logic

A

The study of the principles of reasoning

43
Q

Maxim

A

The subjective principle of an action (Kant): the reason why an agent did something

44
Q

Moral obligation

A

The relation of morality to individuals: individuals are bound, are subject to, moral demands or requirements

45
Q

Necessary truth

A

A statement or proposition that we cannot conceive of being false under any circumstance

46
Q

Necessary condition

A

X is necessary for Y if when X is false, Y must be false

47
Q

Objection

A

A criticism of a view or argument

48
Q

Predicate

A

Grammatical category: the property or feature ascribed to something

49
Q

Premise

A

A statement treated as a reason or ground for a conclusion

50
Q

Proposition

A

A statement or the meaning of a sentence

51
Q

Psychological egoism

A

The view that all human actions aim at self-interest

52
Q

Rationalism

A

Views that privilege the place of reason in human knowledge

53
Q

Reason

A

A premise in an argument; the process of combining ideas to produce new ideas

54
Q

Scepticism

A

A challenge to our claims to possess knowledge in a particular domain

55
Q

Self-interest

A

Either: what is best for us; or: a motive for action

56
Q

Simple

A

what cannot be analysed

57
Q

Subject

A

Grammatical term: what or who a statement or proposition is about

58
Q

Synthetic statement

A

A statement in which the predicate is not contained in the subject

59
Q

Tabula rasa

A

Literally, blank slate. Empiricist image for the state of the mind at birth

60
Q

Universal assent

A

Assent or approval from everyone

61
Q

Universalisability

A

A maxim is universalisable if it could serve as a law for everyone’s conduct

62
Q

Vice

A

A deplorable character trait or disposition

63
Q

Virtue

A

An excellent character trait or disposition

64
Q

Trivial truth

A

True, but in an uninformative way

AS-Level Philosophy (1 decks)

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