Philosophy quizzes Flashcards
Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that is concerned with…
Existence
What are the parts of an argument?
The premise and the conclusion
Which of the following consists of the rules of correct reasoning?
Logic
Epistemology is the branch of philosophy concerned with…
Knowledge
Which of the following is JTB?
Applied practical understanding
Which of the following is a set of propositions where one is said to be demonstrated by the others?
Elicited claim
“Something cannot both be and not be at the same time and in the same respect”
The law of Contridiction
“Something either is or is not”
The Law of the Excluded Middle
Axiology is the branch of philosophy concerned with….
value
“something is what it is”
The Law of identity
Each participant should be committed to the task of earnestly searching for the truth or at least searching for the most defensible position on the issue under discussion.
The truth-seeking principle
Moral reasoning is….
reasoning about what one ought to morally do
Which of the following is NOT critical thinking skills?
recognizing that a problem exists
An opponent’s argument, if weak, should be reformulated and expressed in the strongest versio possible that is consistent with the original intention of the arguer
The Principle of Charity
Reasoning morally is…
adopting a code of conduct that endangers and is conducive to critical thinking and rational discourse
Which of the following is rational discourse?
The giving and receiving of reasons, according to commonly agreed upon standards of verification, for the purpose of distinguishing truth from falsehood, appearance from reality, and mere opinion from informed opinion
Critical thinking is…
that mode of thinking in which the thinker improves the quality of his or her thinking by skillfully taking charge of the structures inherent in thinking and imposing intellectual standards upon them
Willed ignorance, an attitude of refusing to accept evidence or arguments contrary to one’s favored position or belief, is opposite of which principle?
The Fallibility Principle
Each participant should adopt an attitude of acknowledging that through thorough examination of the issue, one’s own position may be revealed as false or indefensible
The Fallibility Principle
Eristic argumentation, arguing to win- to prove one’s position the superior position- and not to reach the most acceptable or defensible position, is the opposite of which principle?
The Truth-Seeking Principle
Pythagoras argued that the first principle of existance is essentially like…
Number and Proportion
Thales argued that the first principle of existence is essentially like…
Water or Fluidity
Heraclitus argued that the universe is conflict (polemos) which is ordered by a principle called…
Logos
Leucippus and Democritus develpoed a deterministic metaphysical system called…
Atomism
Zeno of Elea, a disciple of Parmenides, used which Ancient Greek hero in his paradoxes?
Achilles
The Pre-Socratic philosophers were…
- known as the first metaphysicians
- challengers of traditional & conventional beliefs
- ultimately concerned with the stuff of existence
The Greek word arete, usually translated as “virtue”, is better expressed as…
The excellence of a thing and its capacity to perfom its function with excellence
Which monist argued that the first principle is Pneuma, the all-pervasive spirit?
Anaximenes
Parmenides argues that what exists is Being and that which does not is Nonbeing. Being possesses which attributes?
Being is indivisible
Heraclitus argued that the first principle of existence is a transformational unity of opposites which he metaphorically represented with…
Fire
During the time it takes the fastest runner to reach the slowest runner’s location at the beginning of that time, the slowest runner will always have moved some distance ahead, so that every time the fastest runner reaches the slowest runner’s new starting point, the slowest runner will be ahead some. The slowest runner in the race will never be overtaken by the fastest runner.
Achilles and the Tortoise
In Pythagorean thought, which of the following is the first principle?
Number and proportion
Which is the first Western thinker who referred to himself as a “philosopher”
Pythagoras
(T/F) The original theory regarding Zeno developing his paradoxes entails a challenge to the Pythagorean attempt to apply mathematical notions to the natural world
False
Zeno of Elea is known for his ingenious paradoxes that attempted to demonstrate…
- that motion is impossible
- that the belief that there are many things leads to contradiction
This is the argument about the impossibility of motion because what moves must reach the half-way point earlier than the end. It is not possible to transverse or make contact with unlimited things individually in a limited time.
The Stadium (or the Dichotomy)
(T/F) Pythagoras’s name led him to be associated with Pythian Apollo (the Delphic Oracle)
True
According to Iamblichus, who once said that “number is the ruler of forms and ideas and the cause of gods and demons”?
Pythagoras
If there are many things, it is necessary that they be just so many as they are and neither greater than themselves nor fewer. But if they are just as many as they are, they will be unlimited. If there are many things, the must be distinct, that is, seperate from eachother. Any two things will be distinct or seperate from one another only if there is some other thing between them. Thus, if there are many things, then there must be finitely many things; and if there are many things, then there must be infinately many things.
The Antinomy of the Limited and the Unlimited
If everything always is resting whenever it is against what is equal, and what moves is always in the now, then the thing which moves is really motionless. What moves does not move in the place where it is.
The Arrow
In essence, Thrasymachus argued that…
Good guys finish last
Protagoras was an advocate of the philosophical view of…
Relativism
The “thirty” were…
A group of thirty Athenian nobles who formed a short-lived, Pro-Spartan oligarchic dictatorship
Who claimed that moderation and temperance- both traditional Greek virtues- are for the ignorant and the impotent?
Callicles
What is not a doctorine of Gorgias?
People need to defend themselves by any means necessary
What are the doctrines of Gorgias?
- nothing exists
- even if something exists, nothing can be known about it
- even if something can be known about, knowledge about it cannot be communicated to others
Who said “Man is the measure of all things”?
Protagoras
Consider the words of Aristophanes, from his play “the clouds”…“so Zeus, it seems, has no existance, and it is the whirlwind that reigns in his stead? But you have not yet told me what makes the roll of the thunder? The whirlwind has driven out Zeus and is King now.” What does this imply?
the taditional religious and moral values of Hellenic society have been undermined without leaving anything substantial in their place
The term “sophist” originated from the Greek meaning…
- one who makes a business out of wisedom
- the wise-ist
- one who “does” wisdom
Which is not part of the Doctrine of the Superior Individual
Power which is absolute corrupts absolutely
What is the Doctrine of the Superior Individual?
- People are no more created equal than all the animals are
- powerful individuals have a natural right to dominate others
- Power is the ultimate value
They are skeptical and relativistic concerning morality, knowledge, and metaphysics. As masters of rhetoric, they work for the highest bidder. They are known especially for arguing to win and not to get to truth. Their attitude, coupled with the wealth they garnered, eventually led them to popular resentment against them, their ideas, and the writings associated with them.
The Sophists
