Philosophy Midterm Flashcards
What is philosophy of language?
Questions use of language
Philosophy of language questions: (1)
Can you accurately convey your thoughts with words?
What is philosophy of the mind?
Studies the nature of the mind
Philosophy of the mind paths: (2)
Looking to map out the brain
…
What is identity?
Each thing bears only to itself
Identity questions: (2)
Why do we continue to call things the same when things continue to change?Why are you still you?
What are the two ways to get knowledge?
Experience and reason
Levels highest to lowest – states of mind: (4)
Intelligence – thinking - belief – imagining
Descartes’s rules for direction of the mind: (3)
One. Never except anything for true – unless it is known to be so
Two. Divide each of the difficulty is under examination into as many parts as possible
Three. Conduct thoughts into such an order that by beginning with other objects…
Was Plato a rationalist or empiricist?
Rationalist
What did Emmanuel kant believe about knowledge?
Believed that both empiricism and rationalism equal knowledge
What is rationalism?
A priori- Knowledge before experience
What is empiricism?
A posteriori-Knowledge after experience
What are the forms?
Perfect – unchanging – E ternal – General
What happens when we are born? (Forms)
We forget the forms and get caught up in reality
What is induction?
What we know right away (clear+distinct)
What does deduction involve?
Investigation
Explain Plato’s divided line.
Picture of the Apple-Apple-what is Apple-Apple “ness”
Who is Renée Descarte?
Born in 1596-french philosopher
Explain Descartes’s method of doubt.
To doubt everything to find what you can be certain about
What six things is Descartes certain of?
One.Doubt
Two. Cogito – I think therefore I am
Three. Proof of god
Four. Proof of external things
Five. Ontological argument – God is perfect
Six. Mind – body problem(How do they interact)
Who is David Hume?
Born 1711 – Scottish
Didn’t agree with descarte
Was David Hume an empiricist or a rationalist?
Empiricist
What did Hume believe?(descarte)
Impressions(Initial sensory experience) +ideas (turns into idea)
Every idea begins with impressions.
Explain Humes matters of fact
Consist of those things that are known a posteriori,but What we consider true may not be true
Ex:sun rose today(matter of fact) but could NOT be true
Who is Immanuel Kant?
Born 1724– German
Explain epistemological synthesis theory
Combines rationalists and empiricist ideas – views
What two dimensions of the structure of the mind does kant distinguish?
Sensibility – the minds ability to passively receive representations of physical things
Understanding –Cause and effect
What are the two forms of sensibility?
Space and time
Explain phenomena
Our filtered perception
Explain noumena
What it actually is
What is the difference between analytic and synthetic judgments?
Analytic –Already contained in the concept of something(Example horses are animals)
Synthetic –Affirms relation between the predicate(Affirm something that is not already in the concept of something)(Example text books are expensive)
Who is Allison M. Jager?
Born 1942 – English
Does Jager agree with rationalism?
No,Believes emotions are not bad
What is replicability?
The principle that the experiments that lead to valid scientific conclusions must be able to be reproduced by other scientists
According to Jager, why is scientific investigation never completely value free?
The findings of science are seen as value free because they are based on replicability.
Explain outlaw emotions
Dominant group= white males(fit to rule)
Subordinate group = people of color and women
Dominant group = rational, objective, and credible
Subordinate group = emotional, Subjective, and epistemologically suspect
