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Philosophy > Philosophy Final > Flashcards

Philosophy Final Flashcards

1
Q

Logic:

A

Study of correct thinking

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2
Q

Deductive Logic:

A

If all the premises are true, then the conclusion has to be true

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3
Q

Inductive Logic:

A

The conclusion is reasonably supported by the premises but it is possible for the conclusion to be false even if all the premises are true

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4
Q

Metaphysics:

A

Study of the most general principles

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5
Q

Cosmology:

A

Study of the universe as a whole

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6
Q

Ontology:

A

The study of Being

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7
Q

Epitomology:

A

Study of knowledge. “How do you know…?”

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8
Q

Axiology:

A

Study of value. Deals with Ethics and Aesthetics

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9
Q

Thales

A

Considered water to be everything [monist]

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10
Q

Anaximander

A

[monist] claimed everything to be apeiron

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11
Q

Anaximenes

A

[monist] everything is air

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12
Q

Pythagoras

A

All things are numbers

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13
Q

Heraclitus of Ephesus

A

everything is change, uses fire as a metaphor. has the idea of logos which is the governing principle of change

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14
Q

Parminedes

A

the ultimate reality is Being. motion is impossible because it would have to involve being going from where being is to where being is not. empty space is an impossible idea

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15
Q

Zeno of Elea

A

known for several paradoxes designed to show that motion is not possible. you have to get halfway to point B, but halfway to get there, etc.

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16
Q

Empedocles

A

everything is four roots - fire, air, earth, and water. they are governed by love and strife. first thinker to formulate a theory of evolution

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17
Q

Anaxagorus

A

instead of four roots, proposed infinite seeds. each object has seeds of all elements. in place of love and strife he proposed Nous [the mind]

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18
Q

Leucippus + Democritus

A

Atomism - world is composed of atoms and materialism - atoms are material. determinism - everything is only where it needs to be

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19
Q

Socrates

A

all we know about him comes from plato. claimed he knew nothing. oracle of delphi story - was called the wisest man, wondered if this was because he was honest about knowing nothing

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20
Q

Plato

A

Allegory of the cave. pure reason and understanding lie within the realm of knowledge / the intelligible world. the whole of the visible world is an inferior copy of the intelligible world. all knowledge is ultimately knowledge of the Good. humans have three parts [triforce]. believed ignorance is the cause for all misdeeds

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21
Q

Aristotle

A

different from plato in that he believed form and matter can be distinguished only in thought, not in reality. potentiality and actuality. came up with the idea of a prime mover.

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22
Q

Aristotle’s Three Primary Laws of Logic:

A

Principle of Identity [A = A], Principle of Non-Contradiction [If A, then not not A], and Principle of Excluded Middle [Either A or not A]

23
Q

Epicureanism

A

philosophy wasnt based in finding out the truth but in leading a good life. the goal is human happiness

24
Q

Stoicism / Zeno of Cyprus

A

more interested in conduct. dispassionate approach to life. only goal is enlightenment. advocated suicide if enlightened state is to be disturbed by life

25
Q

Neoplatonism / Plotinus

A

basically just took platos stuff and converted it to christianity

26
Q

Rene Descartes

A

sense data is not to be trusted. came up with the mad god idea. ultimately decided math was the only thing that could be trusted. argued that god had to exist. distinguished two substances - mental and material

27
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A

claimed that our acts are motivated by self-interest only. we only do social contracts to survive

28
Q

John Locke

A

claimed that knowledge comes from experience. mind is a blank slate [tabula rasa]

29
Q

DISJUNCTION

A

[PvQ] only false if both P and Q are false. otherwise, true

30
Q

CONJUNCTION

A

[P^Q] only true if both P and Q are true

31
Q

CONDITIONAL

A

[P->Q] if P, then Q. P is called the antecedent and Q is called the consequent. only false if P is true and Q is false. otherwise, true

32
Q

BICONDITIONAL

A

[P<->Q] P if and only if Q. the sentence is true when the truth value for P is the same as the truth value for Q

33
Q

TOTALOGY

A

everything is true

34
Q

CONTRADICTION

A

everything is false

35
Q

CONTINGENT

A

mix of true and false

36
Q

EQUIVALENT

A

if two propositions are the same

37
Q

CONSISTENT

A

if two propositions can be true at the same time

38
Q

INCONSISTENT

A

if two propositions match, but only false

39
Q

Gilbert Ryle

A

category mistake guy

40
Q

Bertrand Russell

A

russells postulate: A = angry thought, B = punching things

41
Q

Armstrong

A

mind talk is just body talk. consciousness + automation when driving a car

42
Q

Churchland

A

eliminative materialist. talks about mind talk being folk psychology. guy who admitted to exaggerating lol

43
Q

Jackson

A

mary in the black and white room

44
Q

Searle

A

guy who doesnt like strong A.I. chinese room idea

45
Q

Chisholm

A

imminent causation - agent to agent. transeunt causation - event to event. came up with the principle of alternate possibilities

46
Q

Frankfurt

A

made a better PAP with the joneses

47
Q

Utilitarianism

A

happiness = pleasure + absence of pain

48
Q

Bentham

A

felicity calculus:
-intensity of pleasure/pain
-duration
-certainty or uncertainty
-remoteness
-probability of it happening again
-purity
-extent - how many ppl feel it

49
Q

John Stuart Mill

A

added concept of quality in considerations of pleasure in felicity calculus, ended up dismantling the whole thing unintentionally. how do you know something is desirable? you desire it.

50
Q

Peter Singer

A

suffering is bad. help to the level of marginal utility - help the poor until you are poor

51
Q

Kant

A

claims that utilitarians only worry about hypothetical imperatives / consequences. he focuses more on categorical imperatives, such as thou shalt not kill. focuses on intentions / the dr choo story

52
Q

Utilitarian Problem

A

sacrifice one life for a few

53
Q

Kantian Problem

A

the holocaust thing

Philosophy (5 decks)

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