Philosophy Final Flashcards
Logic:
Study of correct thinking
Deductive Logic:
If all the premises are true, then the conclusion has to be true
Inductive Logic:
The conclusion is reasonably supported by the premises but it is possible for the conclusion to be false even if all the premises are true
Metaphysics:
Study of the most general principles
Cosmology:
Study of the universe as a whole
Ontology:
The study of Being
Epitomology:
Study of knowledge. “How do you know…?”
Axiology:
Study of value. Deals with Ethics and Aesthetics
Thales
Considered water to be everything [monist]
Anaximander
[monist] claimed everything to be apeiron
Anaximenes
[monist] everything is air
Pythagoras
All things are numbers
Heraclitus of Ephesus
everything is change, uses fire as a metaphor. has the idea of logos which is the governing principle of change
Parminedes
the ultimate reality is Being. motion is impossible because it would have to involve being going from where being is to where being is not. empty space is an impossible idea
Zeno of Elea
known for several paradoxes designed to show that motion is not possible. you have to get halfway to point B, but halfway to get there, etc.
Empedocles
everything is four roots - fire, air, earth, and water. they are governed by love and strife. first thinker to formulate a theory of evolution
Anaxagorus
instead of four roots, proposed infinite seeds. each object has seeds of all elements. in place of love and strife he proposed Nous [the mind]
Leucippus + Democritus
Atomism - world is composed of atoms and materialism - atoms are material. determinism - everything is only where it needs to be
Socrates
all we know about him comes from plato. claimed he knew nothing. oracle of delphi story - was called the wisest man, wondered if this was because he was honest about knowing nothing
Plato
Allegory of the cave. pure reason and understanding lie within the realm of knowledge / the intelligible world. the whole of the visible world is an inferior copy of the intelligible world. all knowledge is ultimately knowledge of the Good. humans have three parts [triforce]. believed ignorance is the cause for all misdeeds
Aristotle
different from plato in that he believed form and matter can be distinguished only in thought, not in reality. potentiality and actuality. came up with the idea of a prime mover.
Aristotle’s Three Primary Laws of Logic:
Principle of Identity [A = A], Principle of Non-Contradiction [If A, then not not A], and Principle of Excluded Middle [Either A or not A]
Epicureanism
philosophy wasnt based in finding out the truth but in leading a good life. the goal is human happiness
Stoicism / Zeno of Cyprus
more interested in conduct. dispassionate approach to life. only goal is enlightenment. advocated suicide if enlightened state is to be disturbed by life
Neoplatonism / Plotinus
basically just took platos stuff and converted it to christianity
Rene Descartes
sense data is not to be trusted. came up with the mad god idea. ultimately decided math was the only thing that could be trusted. argued that god had to exist. distinguished two substances - mental and material
Thomas Hobbes
claimed that our acts are motivated by self-interest only. we only do social contracts to survive
John Locke
claimed that knowledge comes from experience. mind is a blank slate [tabula rasa]
DISJUNCTION
[PvQ] only false if both P and Q are false. otherwise, true
CONJUNCTION
[P^Q] only true if both P and Q are true
CONDITIONAL
[P->Q] if P, then Q. P is called the antecedent and Q is called the consequent. only false if P is true and Q is false. otherwise, true
BICONDITIONAL
[P<->Q] P if and only if Q. the sentence is true when the truth value for P is the same as the truth value for Q
TOTALOGY
everything is true
CONTRADICTION
everything is false
CONTINGENT
mix of true and false
EQUIVALENT
if two propositions are the same
CONSISTENT
if two propositions can be true at the same time
INCONSISTENT
if two propositions match, but only false
Gilbert Ryle
category mistake guy
Bertrand Russell
russells postulate: A = angry thought, B = punching things
Armstrong
mind talk is just body talk. consciousness + automation when driving a car
Churchland
eliminative materialist. talks about mind talk being folk psychology. guy who admitted to exaggerating lol
Jackson
mary in the black and white room
Searle
guy who doesnt like strong A.I. chinese room idea
Chisholm
imminent causation - agent to agent. transeunt causation - event to event. came up with the principle of alternate possibilities
Frankfurt
made a better PAP with the joneses
Utilitarianism
happiness = pleasure + absence of pain
Bentham
felicity calculus:
-intensity of pleasure/pain
-duration
-certainty or uncertainty
-remoteness
-probability of it happening again
-purity
-extent - how many ppl feel it
John Stuart Mill
added concept of quality in considerations of pleasure in felicity calculus, ended up dismantling the whole thing unintentionally. how do you know something is desirable? you desire it.
Peter Singer
suffering is bad. help to the level of marginal utility - help the poor until you are poor
Kant
claims that utilitarians only worry about hypothetical imperatives / consequences. he focuses more on categorical imperatives, such as thou shalt not kill. focuses on intentions / the dr choo story
Utilitarian Problem
sacrifice one life for a few
Kantian Problem
the holocaust thing
