Philosophy Exam

Question 1

What is Philosophy?

Answer 1

Philosophy is the study of knowledge, reality, and existence

Question 2

Philosophy

Answer 2

Philosophy literally means “love of wisdom”

Question 3

What are the main branches of philosophy?

Answer 3

The main branches of philosophy are epistemology (study of knowledge and truth), metaphysics (reality and being), logic (argumentation and reason), ethics, aesthetics, and social/political philosophy (state and government)

Question 4

Thales of Miletus

Answer 4

Known as the first philosopher, through his observations, Thales determined that the universal/underlying substance of all things was water. Water existed in three forms, solid, liquid, and vapour and all living things relied on water. While his observations were later proven false, Thales was still the first to attempt to explain natural phenomena through reason rather than superstition and myth.

Question 5

Laozi (Lao Tzu)

Answer 5

Laozi was a mystic who wrote Classic of the Way of Power which was the first expression of the philosophy of Taoism.

Question 6

Chuang Tzu’s The Butterfly

Question 7

Confucius

Question 8

Buddhism

Question 9

Socrates

Question 10

Ancient Indian philosophers and Hinduism

Question 11

Plato

Answer 11

Plato was the student of Socrates

Question 12

The Socratic Method

Answer 12

This was the method Socrates used to get people to think in ancient Greece. He would start by asking a question that seems innocent and straightforward, then the person would give a simple/common sense definition to which Socrates would offer a counter example that does not fit the definition given. This illustrates that the definition given is incomplete, biased, or uniformed. The process would continue until a suitable definition is constructed or until both parties agree that the topic is more complex than originally thought.

Question 13

Allegory of the Cave

Answer 13

Imagine people are chained in a cave and can only see the shadows of things their whole lives.

Question 14

The Tripartite Theory of the Soul

Question 15

Aristotle

Answer 15

Aristotle was the student of Plato

Question 16

Middle Ages and Christian Theology

Question 17

Rene Descartes

Question 18

John Locke

Question 19

David Hume

Question 20

Karl Marx

Question 21

Charles Darwin

Question 22

Sigmund Freud

Question 23

Nietzshe

Question 24

Existentialism

Question 25

Sophie's World

Question 26

Informal Logic

Question 27

What is Logic

Question 28

Laws of reasoning

Question 29

Principal of sufficient reason

Question 30

Ockham's razor

Question 31

What is metaphysics?

Question 32

Plato's theory and form of change

Question 33

What is reality?

Question 34

Change and Oneness

Question 35

Cartesian Skepticism

Question 36

Appearance vs. Reality

Question 37

What is a person?

Question 38

Akan philosophy

Question 39

Are you a body with a mind or a mind with a body?

Question 40

Pascal's wager

Question 41

Free Will

Question 42

Absurdism

Question 43

Nihilism

Question 44

Emily Esfahani Smith TED Talk

Question 45

Theism

Question 46

Deism

Question 47

Monotheism

Question 48

Polytheism

Question 49

Pantheism

Question 50

Spinoza

Question 51

Divine Command Theory

Question 52

Euthyphro’s Dilemma

Question 53

What is ethics?

Answer 53

Ethics is

Question 54

What is morality?

Question 55

The nature and aim of ethics

Question 56

Universal ethical systems

Question 57

Hellenistic ethical philosophies

Question 58

Plato and Aristotle

Question 59

Stoics

Answer 59

Believed that the practice of virtue is enough to reach eudemonia

Question 60

Cynics

Answer 60

Cynics/cynicism emerged as a rejection of the values (especially materialistic) of the ancient times.

Question 61

Epicureans

Answer 61

Believed that pleasure is the highest good

Question 62

Hypothetical Imperatives

Question 63

Categorical Imperatives

Question 64

Bentham & Mill: Results-Oriented Ethics

Question 65

Deontological ethics

Question 66

Act utilitarianism

Question 67

Rule utilitarianism

Question 68

Jeremy Bentham and his criteria

Question 69

John Stuart Mill

Question 70

Nietzsche’s philosophy

Question 71

Ethical relativism

Question 72

Singer’s philosophy

Question 73

Informal Logic

Answer 73

Involves two steps: 1. Identifying the premises and conclusions in the reconstruction of arguments - 2. using a fallacy tool kit to examine and check the arguments cogency

Question 74

Ad Hominem

Answer 74

(Attack of the person)

Question 75

Attack on Motive

Answer 75

Attacking the credibility of a person on the grounds that they have a bias/motive influencing their view

Question 76

Bandwagon

Answer 76

Appealing to popularity or the fact that many people do something as an attempted form of validation, majority of people believe an argument so it must be true

Question 77

Straw Man

Answer 77

Misinterpreting someone's argument to make it easier to attack. Ignores real argument and creates pretend, defeats pretend, claim victory, done.

Question 78

Informal Logic Fallacies A

Answer 78

Ad Hominem, Attack of Motive, Attack of Person, Bandwagon, Straw Man

Question 79

Informal Logic Fallacies B

Answer 79

Appeal to Ignorance, Begging the Question, Equivocation, Loaded Term, Slippery Slope

Question 80

Appeal to Ignorance

Answer 80

Lack of evidence, there is no evidence so it can't be true, there is no evidence for it being false so it must be true

Question 81

Begging the Question

Answer 81

a circular argument in which the conclusion is included in the premise

Question 81

Equivocation

Answer 81

An argument that uses one word to mean two different things

Question 82

Loaded Term

Answer 82

Using words/terms with strongly positive or negative connections. Ex. fast food = killing your kids

Question 83

Slippery Slope

Answer 83

Asserting that id we allow A to happen, 2 will happen, therefore A shouldn't happen

Question 84

Informal Logic Fallacies C