Philosophy and Logic Quiz Flashcards
Meaning of Philo
Love
Meaning of Sophia
Wisdom
“the science of beings in their ultimate reasons, causes, and principles acquired by the aid of human reasons alone” (Hermida, 1996)
Philosophy
Philosophy is not based on mere opinions or theories or hypotheses.
Philosophy is a science
The science of beings, all things that can be reached by the human mind.
Philosophy is science of all things
Philosophy searches for the ultimate ________, _________, and __________ of all things
Reason, Cause, and Principle
which explains something
Reason
which contributes in any positive manner toward the production of a thing.
Cause
from which something proceeds.
Principle
Philosophy makes use of knowledge by human reason alone. Divine revelation, therefore, is formally excluded as a source of information.
Philosophy uses the power or natural light of reason.
The material object is the subject matter of a science—the field in which the science works (Glenn, 1957). In the case of philosophy, the material object is all things.
Material Object of Philosophy
The formal object is that special thing which a science seeks in a certain field. It is the special aim, end-in-view, or point-of-focus of a science as it deals with the subject matter (Glenn, 1957).
Formal Object of Philosophy
special or immediate viewpoint from which a thing is examined. In philosophy, the formal object quod are the first causes and highest principles of things.
Objectum Formale Quod of Philosophy
the medium is the light or vehicle by which the science studies its object In philosophy, this is the natural reason alone, particularly, the abstractive power of reason.
Objectum Formale Quo of Philosophy
limit themselves to the search for the immediate causes as known by reasoning.
Empirical Sciences
a science that deals with last and ultimate causes as known by reasoning.
Philosophy
a science that tackles last and ultimate causes as known by faith and reasoning.
Theology
it improves one’s ability to analyze concepts, definitions, arguments, and problems;
General Problem Solving
it contributes to one’s capacity to organize ideas and issues, to deal with questions of value, and to extract what is essential from masses of information;
General Problem Solving
it enables one to distinguish fine differences between views and, at the same time, to discover common ground between opposing positions; and
General Problem Solving
it teaches how to synthesize a variety of views or perspectives into a unified whole.
General Problem Solving
It provides some of the basic tools of self-expression— for instance, skills in presenting ideas through well constructed, systematic arguments—that other fields either do not use or use less extensively.
Communication Skills
Philosophy provides training in the formulation of good arguments and thinking up of apt examples, and thereby helps one become convincing.
Persuasive Powers
Writing is taught intensively in many philosophy courses, and many regular assigned philosophical text are unexcelled as literary essays.
Writing Skills
enriches the mind by principles to be speculated upon or to be known. It does not directly impose laws or norms. Its function is primarily cultural.
Theoretical (or speculative) philosophy
Meaning of Episteme?
Knowledge
Meaning of Logos?
Science or Study
It is the science of true and certain knowledge (Glenn, 1957).
Epistemology (or Criteriology)
Meaning of Theos?
God
Meaning of Dike?
Justice
is a study which investigates the nature, existence, essence, attributes, and operations of God (Roa, 2007).
Theodicy (or Natural Theology)
Meaning of Cosmos?
Universe
It is the science which considers the ultimate principles and causes of mobile beings in general (Pasigui, Parallag, Requidan, & Tabin, 2006)
Cosmology
Meaning of Psyche?
Soul
Philosophical or rational psychology deals with man not only as a sensing and thinking being but also as a being composed of body and soul; it treats the whole being of man as man (Buenaflor, 2006).
Philosophical Psychology (or Rational Psychology)
Meaning of Onta?
Being
Meaning of Physikon?
Nature
Meaning of Meta?
Beyond
It includes the concept of being, its analogy and fundamental attributes, the problem of evil, act and potency, essence and existence, substance and accidents, supposit and person, and causality (Roa, 2007)
Metaphysics (or Ontology)
it presents related data from which the directive laws or norms are immediately derived.
Practical philosophy
aims at norms for correct thinking
Logic
aims at a norm for correct acting
Ethic
Meaning of Logike?
Thought
is the science and art of correct thinking (Bachhuber, 1996).
Logic
Meaning of Ethos?
“characteristic way of acting”
The Latin word for ethos is mos (or mores), which may be the reason why ethics is sometimes called moral philosophy (Roa, 2007).
Ethics (or Moral Philosophy)
Meaning of Axios?
Worthy
is the discourse or study of the system and nature of value judgments or worthiness. It includes the study of values, its origin, types, and characteristics (Roa, 2007)
Axiology
is a natural human capability that allows individuals to reason out correctly. But to ensure that reasoning methods are correct, there is a need to study the science of logic and examine explicitly and systematically the norms of validity applicable to intellectual knowledge.
Logical thinking
Is knowledge, but not all knowledge is science. In science, knowledge must be true and systematized.
Science
It is true when judgment of the mind in agreement with the objective thing judged (Glenn, 1957); it is systematized when it follows procedures, structures, principles, and rules.
Knowledge
Because it is a systematized body of logical truths and principles governing correct thinking. (Cruz, 2005)
Logic is a Science
It is a thinking (or reasoning). Logic is concerned with the acts of the intellect, more specifically with the thinking or reasoning process. Logic promotes good thinking, i.e., creative thinking and critical thinking.
Material Object of Logic
The correctness of the thinking process is the formal object of logic, where correctness means conformity with a set of rules (Agapay, 1991). Correctness implies right order, consistency, reasonable procedure, necessary relationship, and valid inference (Joven, 2006)
Formal Object of Logic
Man outweighs the whole totality of matter precisely because of his intelligence, reason, and will.
Logic contributes to the quality of human life
Man is superior to all the animals because he has reason
Logic leads to the formation of a reasonable human begins
Logic is the very science that aims to develop these powers of intelligence, reason, and will necessary for the cultivation and enrichment of the human condition
Logic contributes to the quality of human life
Logic helps contribute to the formation of a truly reasonable human being
Logic leads to the formation of a reasonable human begins
Man’s ability to reason correctly is innae to hi. He has the gift of common sense - this is natural logic.
Logic tends to perfect man’s gift of natural logic
Natural logic (or common sense) needs to be trained and sharpened to reach its fullness.
Logic tends to perfect man’s gift of natural logic
The study of logic enables one to pinpoint the defects of faulty arguments
Logic gives man norms for distinguishing correct from incorrect thinking
The act by which the intellect rasps or apprehends the essence of a particular thing (Glenn, 1957). This act produces concepts or ideas which are materialized through terms.
Simple Apprehension
The act by which the intellect pronounces upon the agreement or disagreement between two ideas, which the mind has formed and compared (Glenn, 1957). Judgment produces enunciation and is eternalized through a proposition (a statement expressing truth).
Judgment
The act which intellect relates several judgments to arrive at a new judgment that necessarily follows from the relationsips established (Rivas & Nael, 2006). The product of reasoning is argument and its material expression is syllogism.
Reasoning
These three mental operations constitute the bases of _______ knowledge as opposed to _______ knowledge. While rational knowledge begins with ____________ of the material qualities of physical objects by the senses, ___________________ constitutes sense knowledge and its study belongs properly to psychology.
rational, sense, perception, mere perception.
