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boards 2 > Philosophy and basics chiropractic > Flashcards

Philosophy and basics chiropractic Flashcards

1
Q

DD Palmer

A

Founder of chiropractic; thoughts, traumas, and toxins; coined innate intelligence and tone of nervous system

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2
Q

BJ Palmer

A

developer of chiropractic; hole-in-one upper cervical technique; nerve tracing

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3
Q

Carver

A

pelvic distortion and structural approach theory of subluxation; the spine is weight bearing and adapts to stress

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4
Q

Cox

A

Flexion/distraction technique in which axial traction and flexion reduces extrusion of disc

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5
Q

DeJarnette

A

SOT, CSF flow pumping action of sacrum and cranial dura

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6
Q

Faye

A

Motion palpation and vertebral subluxation complex

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7
Q

Fuhr

A

Activator, leg length inequality

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8
Q

Galen

A

first to use terms lordosis, kyphosis, scoliosis and inflammation

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9
Q

Gilet

A

developed motion palpation technique;

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10
Q

Gonstead

A

laid down biomechanical basis for chiropractic adjustments

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11
Q

Goodheart

A

applied kinesiology and muscle testing

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12
Q

Hadley

A

stated: subluxations, disc herniations and exostoses may produce pressure on doral nerve root

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13
Q

Hippocrates

A

Father of medicine; first to mention spine related to body health

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14
Q

Hieronymus

A

first doctor to use the word subluxation 1746

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15
Q

Illi

A

theory: injured joint becomes fixed as edema develops; researched pelvis and SI joint biomechanics; Illi’s superior intracapsular ligament

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16
Q

Korr

A

developed segmental facilitation theory; Neurons become hyper-responsive and irritable; muscle spindles influence motor activity not joint receptors; CNS hyperactive activates gamma motor activity

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17
Q

Langworthy

A

first book on chiropractic 1906; subluxation to describe misalignment narrowing IVF; flow of nerve injury and brain as life force

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18
Q

Lilard

A

first patient to be adjusted by DD palmer

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19
Q

Logan

A

measures vertebral misalignment from the sacrum upwards using full spine x-rays

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20
Q

Nimmo

A

acupressure on trigger points as well as addressing posture. Receptor-tonus technique

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21
Q

Selye

A

general adaptation syndrame (gas); stress can cause disease without adaptation; 1st alarm reaction, 2nd resistance, 3rd adaptation

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22
Q

Stephenson

A

33 principles of chiropractic; safety pin cycle

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23
Q

Thompson

A

segmental drop adjusting and leg length inequality

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24
Q

Weed

A

Coined the term chiropractic

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25
Q

epistemology

A

study of nature, basis and the extent of knowledge

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26
Q

Holism

A

in nature living organism as a whole are greater than the sum of their parts

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27
Q

vitalism

A

functions of a living organism are due to a vital essence distinct from physicochemical forces and that the processes of life are not explicable by the known laws and physics and chemistry alone

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28
Q

Neural compression.traction hypothesis

A

DD palmer; subluxations cause nerve compresssion; interrupts action potentials;

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29
Q

Axoplasmic aberration/trophic hypothesis

A

axoplasmic flow in nerve altered with irritation or compression; the nerve is KEY in this theory

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30
Q

cord compression hypothesis

A

BJ palmer; only place where the spinal cord can be compressed was at the occipito-atlanto-axial area;

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31
Q

proprioceptive insult/segmental facilitation hypothesis

A

Irvin korr; fixed vertebral segment activates mechanoreceptors (muscle spindles) and nociceptor; muscle is KEY to this theory

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32
Q

Somatoautonomic reflex hypothesis

A

receptors activated by a subluxation cause somatic response; somato-somatic reflex; somato visceral reflex

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33
Q

Neuroimmunomodulation hypothesis

A

neural dysfunction can modify immune response via stresses; based on Selye’s General adaptation syndrome

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34
Q

General adaptation syndrome

A

hans selye; body responds to acute stress by increasing immune response and responds to chronic stress by decreasing immune response. 1st stage:alarm 2nd resistance 3rd exhaustion

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35
Q

Vascular insufficiency/vertebral basilar artery insufficiency hypothesis

A

cervical subluxations cause distortion or compression of vertebral arteries

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36
Q

vertebral subluxation complex hypothesis

A

Faye; vertebral subluxation is altered bony alignment; segmental dysfunction can lead to intervertebral subluxation and spinal degeneration

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37
Q

Inflammation hypothesis

A

acute or chronic inflammation predispose spinal articular lesions due to inflammatory

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38
Q

gate theory of pain

A

wall and melzack postulated activation of large diameter fibers may inhibit smaller afferent fibers (mechanoreceptors inhibiting pain fibers)

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39
Q

blood supply to the head, brain and ear

A

C1

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40
Q

Tonsils

A

C2-C3

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41
Q

Nose, mouth, palatine tube

A

C4

42
Q

neck glands, pharynx, tonsils

A

C5-C6

43
Q

Heart

A

T2

44
Q

Lungs, bronchial tubes, pleura

A

T3

45
Q

Gallbladder, common bile duct

A

T4

46
Q

Liver

A

T5

47
Q

stomach

A

T6

48
Q

Pancreas, duodenum

A

T7

49
Q

Spleen

A

T8

50
Q

Adrenal glands

A

T9

51
Q

Kidneys, ureters

A

T10-T11

52
Q

Sex organs, uterus and bladder

A

L3

53
Q

Prostate gland, testes

A

L4

54
Q

Cervical facet orientation

A

Back up medial

55
Q

Thoracic facet orientation

A

Back up lateral

56
Q

Lumbar facet orientation

A

Back medial

57
Q

Lumbosacral facet orientation

A

Back

58
Q

IVF boundary superior

A

pedicle/inferior vertebral notch of vertebra above

59
Q

IVF boundary inferior

A

pedicle and superior vertebral notch below

60
Q

IVF boundary anterior

A

V-body and disc

61
Q

IVF boundary contents

A

spinal nerve, nerve roots, dorsal root ganglion, spinal artery and veins, sinuvertebral nerve, transforaminal ligaments and connective tissue

62
Q

Vertebral artery origin

A

1st part of subclavian artery

63
Q

Vertebral artery part 1

A

from subclavian artery to transverse foramen of C6

64
Q

Vertebral artery part 2

A

tvrse foramen of C6 to C1

65
Q

Vertebral artery part 3

A

C1 to behind lateral mass and up to foramen magnum

66
Q

Vertebral artery part 4

A

from foramen magnum to its termination

67
Q

Vertebral artery termination

A

by join with its counterpart to form the basilar artery

68
Q

Vertebral artery most vulnerable

A

part 3 with extreme rotation and hyperextension

69
Q

Nerve fibers: Aalpha

A

motor fiber largest

70
Q

nerve fibers: Abeta

A

sensory; touch, vibration, discriminatory touch

71
Q

nerve fibers: Agamma

A

sensory muscle spindle proprioception

72
Q

nerve fibers: Aomega

A

sensory fast pain, temperature and crude touch

73
Q

nerve fibers: B

A

autonomic pre-ganglionic autonomic fibers

74
Q

nerve fibers: C

A

unmyelinated smallest ANS and sensory postganglionic slow pain

75
Q

Mechanoreceptors: ruffini endings

A

type 1 stretch joint

76
Q

Mechanoreceptors: Pacinian corpuscle

A

type 2 joint and skin vibration

77
Q

Mechanoreceptors: golgi tendon organs

A

type 3 stretch

78
Q

Mechanoreceptors: free nerve endings

A

type 4 stretch and pain

79
Q

Mechanoreceptors:meissner

A

texture rapid

80
Q

Mechanoreceptors: merkel

A

pressure

81
Q

Mechanoreceptors: muscle spindle

A

stretch

82
Q

Cervical coupling

A

lateral flexion coupled with rotation of spinous away from side

83
Q

Lumbar coupling

A

lateral flexion coupled rotation of spinous toward same side

84
Q

Thoracic coupling

A

upper thoracic matches cervical coupling and lower thoracic matches lumbar coupling

85
Q

hysteresis

A

loss of energy via heat

86
Q

Creep

A

sustained load causes deformation

87
Q

eccentric contraction

A

muscle lengthens during contraction

88
Q

concentric contraction

A

muscle shortens during contraction

89
Q

bell-magendie law

A

anterior horn of spinal cord is motor and posterior horn is sensory

90
Q

wolffs law

A

bone remodels according to stress

91
Q

davis law

A

soft tissue remodels in response to demands

92
Q

heuter-volkmans law

A

pressure on epiphysis retards the rate of growth

93
Q

hilton’s law

A

the nerve innervates a muscle that acts on joint

94
Q

spondylisthesis type 1

A

dysplastic = congenital defect

95
Q

spondylisthesis type 2

A

isthmic = pars alteration

96
Q

spondylisthesis type 3

A

degenerative = MC L4 40 y/o females

97
Q

spondylisthesis type 4

A

traumatic = fx other than pars

98
Q

spondylisthesis type 5

A

pathological = bone disease like pagets

99
Q

spondylisthesis type 6

A

iatrogenic = post surgical intervention

100
Q

Facet tropism

A

asymmetry of right and lieft facets at L5/S1

boards 2 (4 decks)

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