Philosophy and basics chiropractic Flashcards
DD Palmer
Founder of chiropractic; thoughts, traumas, and toxins; coined innate intelligence and tone of nervous system
BJ Palmer
developer of chiropractic; hole-in-one upper cervical technique; nerve tracing
Carver
pelvic distortion and structural approach theory of subluxation; the spine is weight bearing and adapts to stress
Cox
Flexion/distraction technique in which axial traction and flexion reduces extrusion of disc
DeJarnette
SOT, CSF flow pumping action of sacrum and cranial dura
Faye
Motion palpation and vertebral subluxation complex
Fuhr
Activator, leg length inequality
Galen
first to use terms lordosis, kyphosis, scoliosis and inflammation
Gilet
developed motion palpation technique;
Gonstead
laid down biomechanical basis for chiropractic adjustments
Goodheart
applied kinesiology and muscle testing
Hadley
stated: subluxations, disc herniations and exostoses may produce pressure on doral nerve root
Hippocrates
Father of medicine; first to mention spine related to body health
Hieronymus
first doctor to use the word subluxation 1746
Illi
theory: injured joint becomes fixed as edema develops; researched pelvis and SI joint biomechanics; Illi’s superior intracapsular ligament
Korr
developed segmental facilitation theory; Neurons become hyper-responsive and irritable; muscle spindles influence motor activity not joint receptors; CNS hyperactive activates gamma motor activity
Langworthy
first book on chiropractic 1906; subluxation to describe misalignment narrowing IVF; flow of nerve injury and brain as life force
Lilard
first patient to be adjusted by DD palmer
Logan
measures vertebral misalignment from the sacrum upwards using full spine x-rays
Nimmo
acupressure on trigger points as well as addressing posture. Receptor-tonus technique
Selye
general adaptation syndrame (gas); stress can cause disease without adaptation; 1st alarm reaction, 2nd resistance, 3rd adaptation
Stephenson
33 principles of chiropractic; safety pin cycle
Thompson
segmental drop adjusting and leg length inequality
Weed
Coined the term chiropractic
epistemology
study of nature, basis and the extent of knowledge
Holism
in nature living organism as a whole are greater than the sum of their parts
vitalism
functions of a living organism are due to a vital essence distinct from physicochemical forces and that the processes of life are not explicable by the known laws and physics and chemistry alone
Neural compression.traction hypothesis
DD palmer; subluxations cause nerve compresssion; interrupts action potentials;
Axoplasmic aberration/trophic hypothesis
axoplasmic flow in nerve altered with irritation or compression; the nerve is KEY in this theory
cord compression hypothesis
BJ palmer; only place where the spinal cord can be compressed was at the occipito-atlanto-axial area;
proprioceptive insult/segmental facilitation hypothesis
Irvin korr; fixed vertebral segment activates mechanoreceptors (muscle spindles) and nociceptor; muscle is KEY to this theory
Somatoautonomic reflex hypothesis
receptors activated by a subluxation cause somatic response; somato-somatic reflex; somato visceral reflex
Neuroimmunomodulation hypothesis
neural dysfunction can modify immune response via stresses; based on Selye’s General adaptation syndrome
General adaptation syndrome
hans selye; body responds to acute stress by increasing immune response and responds to chronic stress by decreasing immune response. 1st stage:alarm 2nd resistance 3rd exhaustion
Vascular insufficiency/vertebral basilar artery insufficiency hypothesis
cervical subluxations cause distortion or compression of vertebral arteries
vertebral subluxation complex hypothesis
Faye; vertebral subluxation is altered bony alignment; segmental dysfunction can lead to intervertebral subluxation and spinal degeneration
Inflammation hypothesis
acute or chronic inflammation predispose spinal articular lesions due to inflammatory
gate theory of pain
wall and melzack postulated activation of large diameter fibers may inhibit smaller afferent fibers (mechanoreceptors inhibiting pain fibers)
blood supply to the head, brain and ear
C1
Tonsils
C2-C3
Nose, mouth, palatine tube
C4
neck glands, pharynx, tonsils
C5-C6
Heart
T2
Lungs, bronchial tubes, pleura
T3
Gallbladder, common bile duct
T4
Liver
T5
stomach
T6
Pancreas, duodenum
T7
Spleen
T8
Adrenal glands
T9
Kidneys, ureters
T10-T11
Sex organs, uterus and bladder
L3
Prostate gland, testes
L4
Cervical facet orientation
Back up medial
Thoracic facet orientation
Back up lateral
Lumbar facet orientation
Back medial
Lumbosacral facet orientation
Back
IVF boundary superior
pedicle/inferior vertebral notch of vertebra above
IVF boundary inferior
pedicle and superior vertebral notch below
IVF boundary anterior
V-body and disc
IVF boundary contents
spinal nerve, nerve roots, dorsal root ganglion, spinal artery and veins, sinuvertebral nerve, transforaminal ligaments and connective tissue
Vertebral artery origin
1st part of subclavian artery
Vertebral artery part 1
from subclavian artery to transverse foramen of C6
Vertebral artery part 2
tvrse foramen of C6 to C1
Vertebral artery part 3
C1 to behind lateral mass and up to foramen magnum
Vertebral artery part 4
from foramen magnum to its termination
Vertebral artery termination
by join with its counterpart to form the basilar artery
Vertebral artery most vulnerable
part 3 with extreme rotation and hyperextension
Nerve fibers: Aalpha
motor fiber largest
nerve fibers: Abeta
sensory; touch, vibration, discriminatory touch
nerve fibers: Agamma
sensory muscle spindle proprioception
nerve fibers: Aomega
sensory fast pain, temperature and crude touch
nerve fibers: B
autonomic pre-ganglionic autonomic fibers
nerve fibers: C
unmyelinated smallest ANS and sensory postganglionic slow pain
Mechanoreceptors: ruffini endings
type 1 stretch joint
Mechanoreceptors: Pacinian corpuscle
type 2 joint and skin vibration
Mechanoreceptors: golgi tendon organs
type 3 stretch
Mechanoreceptors: free nerve endings
type 4 stretch and pain
Mechanoreceptors:meissner
texture rapid
Mechanoreceptors: merkel
pressure
Mechanoreceptors: muscle spindle
stretch
Cervical coupling
lateral flexion coupled with rotation of spinous away from side
Lumbar coupling
lateral flexion coupled rotation of spinous toward same side
Thoracic coupling
upper thoracic matches cervical coupling and lower thoracic matches lumbar coupling
hysteresis
loss of energy via heat
Creep
sustained load causes deformation
eccentric contraction
muscle lengthens during contraction
concentric contraction
muscle shortens during contraction
bell-magendie law
anterior horn of spinal cord is motor and posterior horn is sensory
wolffs law
bone remodels according to stress
davis law
soft tissue remodels in response to demands
heuter-volkmans law
pressure on epiphysis retards the rate of growth
hilton’s law
the nerve innervates a muscle that acts on joint
spondylisthesis type 1
dysplastic = congenital defect
spondylisthesis type 2
isthmic = pars alteration
spondylisthesis type 3
degenerative = MC L4 40 y/o females
spondylisthesis type 4
traumatic = fx other than pars
spondylisthesis type 5
pathological = bone disease like pagets
spondylisthesis type 6
iatrogenic = post surgical intervention
Facet tropism
asymmetry of right and lieft facets at L5/S1
