Philosophy Flashcards
Who was Thomas Hobbes, and why is he significant?
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) was an English philosopher and political theorist. He was one of the first modern Western thinkers to provide a secular justification for the political state, arguing that the state could be separate from religion
How did Hobbes’ experiences influence his philosophy?
Hobbes fled to Paris during the English Civil War, fearing persecution as a royalist. While there, he tutored the future Charles II and developed ideas that led to his famous work, Leviathan (1651).
According to Leviathan, what is the role of the sovereign?
The sovereign must ensure the safety of the people, maintain authority, and prevent civil unrest. He should not share power, should not be subject to civil laws, and must educate people on their obligations to prevent resistance
What did Hobbes believe about human nature in a state of nature?
Humans are never satisfied, always seeking power (felicity). This results in competition and a “war of all against all” where individuals fight for wealth, reputation, and allies
Why does Hobbes believe that equality leads to war?
Since all humans are roughly equal in strength and skill, they compete for limited resources. This competition leads to fear and uncertainty, increasing the likelihood of preemptive strikes.
How does Hobbes propose to prevent war?
People should seek peace by giving up certain rights, forming a social contract where they submit to a sovereign who ensures order and stability.
What is the function of the Leviathan in Hobbes’ theory?
The Leviathan (a strong, absolute ruler) enforces laws, punishes disobedience, and creates the conditions necessary for civilization to flourish
Who was John Locke, and why is he significant?
John Locke (1632-1704) was an English philosopher and political theorist. He is considered the founder of British empiricism and a key advocate of political liberalism.
What was Locke’s theory of knowledge?
Locke believed that humans are born as a “blank slate” (tabula rasa), and all knowledge comes from experience, rejecting the idea of innate knowledge.
How did Locke believe people form general concepts?
People abstract general concepts from specific experiences by recognizing shared traits. This means that rulers, like kings, are not inherently special
What were Locke’s views on human rights?
He believed all men are born free and equal. No one has a divine right to rule, and governments exist to protect life, liberty, and property. If a government fails, people have the right to overthrow it.
How did Locke propose governments should function?
He supported a government with separate legislative, executive, and judicial branches to prevent tyranny
How did Hobbes’ and Locke’s ideas challenge Stuart society?
Hobbes’ ideas reinforced the need for a strong monarch, while Locke’s ideas undermined absolutism by advocating for democracy and the right to overthrow unjust rulers
