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Introduction to AI (3/3) > Philosophy > Flashcards

Philosophy Flashcards

1
Q

What are some philosophical questions about AI?

A
  • Can machines be intelligent?
  • How do minds work?
  • How can we determine if an entity is intelligent or has a mind?
  • What does it mean for society to have AI?

They relate to the nature of intelligence and consciousness in machines.

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2
Q

What are some indicators that may suggest a machine is intelligent?

A
  • Performs tasks that require intelligence
  • Behaves + Communicates + Looks like a human
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3
Q

What is the Turing Test?

A

It was proposed by Alan Turing as a way to evaluate (a machine’s ability to show) intelligent behaviour.

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4
Q

What is the basic idea behind the Turing Test?

A

Intelligence can be assessed by a machine’s ability to imitate human conversation.

By comparing machines to undeniably intelligent beings (humans), it avoids a long list of prerequisites for intelligence

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5
Q

What is the Loebner Competition?

A
  • A competition where humans and humans converse about a specific topic
  • Judges rank them from ‘most likely to be human’ to ‘least likely to be human’

A modern version of the Turing Test, aims to evaluate conversational AI.

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6
Q

What does CAPTCHA stand for?

A

Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart

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7
Q

What is Weak AI?

A

It builds agents that act rationally and can accomplish specific tasks (e.g., chess), but are not universally intelligent

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8
Q

What is the Physical Symbol Systems Hypothesis?

A

A hypothesis stating that a physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means for intelligent action

Foundational in discussions about Strong AI (able to perform any intellectual task a human can)

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9
Q

What is a Grandmother Cell?

A

A hypothetical neuron that fires every time you see your grandmother (specific neurons are responsible for recognising objects)

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10
Q

What are the two types of representation in the context of the Grandmother Cell?

A
  • Sparse representation (one or few neurons responsible for recognition)
  • Distributed representation (activation pattern of a large number of neurons)

This distinction is important in neuroscience and AI discussions.

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11
Q

What was the significance of the 2005 study published in ‘Nature’ regarding Pamela Anderson Cells?

A

Supported the idea of specific neurons being linked to the recognition of particular objects or individuals.

A specific neuron responded to various representations of Pamela Anderson (picture, written name)

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12
Q

List the first two objections to Strong AI formulated by Turing.

A
  • Theological objection (thinking is part of humans’ souls)
  • Head-in-the-sand objection (terrible consequences of thinking machines)

Turing addressed these objections to argue for the potential of intelligent machines.

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13
Q

What is the Mathematical Objection in the context of Strong AI?

A

Machines, as formal systems, can’t prove certain truths that a human mind can (s. Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorem)

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14
Q

What is the Consciousness Objection?

A

If it can’t create art from genuine emotions & thought, a machine can’t be considered equivalent to a brain.

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15
Q

What is the primary claim of the objections from various disabilities?

A

Machines will never be able to perform tasks that require human-like qualities.

e.g., love, be kind, be self-aware

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16
Q

What is Turing’s response to the objections from various disabilities?

A

These problems need to be investigated thoroughly, and there is no particular reason why they could not be solved.

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17
Q

What did Lady Lovelace argue about machines?

A

Machines can only do what they are programmed to do.

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18
Q

What is Turing’s counterargument to Lady Lovelace’s objection?

A

Machines can surprise us, especially when the consequences of different facts are not immediately recognizable.

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19
Q

What is the argument regarding the continuity of the nervous system?

A

It isn’t a discrete-state machine, so it can’t be modeled by a computer.

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20
Q

How does Turing respond to the argument about the nervous system?

A

It can be approximated well enough, although this is still heavily debated.

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21
Q

What is the argument from informality of behavior?

A

It posits that human behavior is too complex and informal to be captured by a set of rules or programs.

If people had a definite set of rules for conduct, they would be no better than machines.

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22
Q

What is Turing’s rebuttal to the informality of behavior argument?

A

Determinism possibly lies deeper, at least we follow the laws of physics.

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23
Q

What does Turing suggest about extra-sensory perception in AI?

A

He suggests a telepathy-proof room to prevent judges from distinguishing based on ESP.

24
Q

What was Herbert Simon’s prediction regarding AI (1958)?

A

Within ten years, a digital computer will be the world’s chess champion.

25
Q

What was Hubert Dreyfus’s stance on AI in 1972?

A

Human intelligence is more than manipulation of symbols.

26
Q

What does John Searle’s ‘Chinese Room’ thought experiment aim to demonstrate?

A

It argues that machines can’t truly understand language, thereby defeating the idea of Strong AI.

27
Q

What does the Chinese Room demonstrate about the Turing Test?

A

That passing the Turing Test does not equate to true understanding or intelligence.

28
Q

What is Searle’s term for the difference between true intelligence and simulated intelligence?

A

Intentionality.

29
Q

What is the purpose of the Chinese Room argument?

A

To show that the Turing test is inadequate to test for intelligence and to debunk claims of Strong AI.

30
Q

What is the Systems reply to Searle’s argument?

A

The entire system, including the room, understands Chinese.

31
Q

What is Searle’s response to the Systems reply?

A

The human could memorize the rules and still not understand Chinese.

32
Q

What is the Robot reply to Searle’s argument?

A

Adding sensory inputs would relate symbols to objects in the real world (symbol grounding).

33
Q

What is Searle’s critique of the robot reply?

A

There are still no intentional states; the robot does not have understanding.

34
Q

What does the Brain Simulator reply propose?

A

Simulating the neuron firings of a native Chinese speaker.

35
Q

What is Searle’s response to the brain simulator reply?

A

That it concedes that Strong AI is not possible (neither operator nor simulation understand Chinese).

36
Q

What does the Mind-Body Problem address?

A

The relationship between mental states and brain states.

37
Q

What is dualism in philosophy?

A

Mind and matter are two different things, and mental phenomena are non-physical.

38
Q

What is materialism (or monism)?

A

Mental states are brain states.

39
Q

What is the Brain-in-a-Vat argument?

A

A thought experiment questioning whether a brain can still function and be conscious if removed from a body.

40
Q

What does the Brain-Prosthesis Experiment illustrate?

A

It questions whether someone can still be self-conscious after having their brain replaced with circuitry.

41
Q

What did Garry Kasparov say about AI after his match with Deep Blue?

A

He sensed a new kind of intelligence in the computer.

42
Q

What was Kasparov’s perspective after losing to Deep Blue?

A

He felt the machine’s win didn’t prove anything significant.

43
Q

What did Alan Turing believe about the question of whether machines can think?

A

He believed it was too meaningless to deserve discussion but anticipated that society would eventually accept machines thinking.

44
Q

Fill in the blank: Turing’s original question was ‘Can machines _______?’

A

think.

45
Q

True or False: Searle believes that machines can have understanding.

A

True.

  • for biological machines like human brains
46
Q

What did Turing want to demonstrate with his test?

A

Whether a machine can exhibit intelligent behavior indistinguishable from a human, i.e. human-like intelligence

47
Q

What is the Physical Symbol Systems Hypothesis?

A

A physical symbol system has the necessary means for intelligent action.

This suggests that intelligence can be achieved through symbol manipulation.

48
Q

What is the Chinese Room Argument?

A

John Searle’s thought experiment stating that a programmed machine can’t understand language or meaning, despite appearing to do so

This argument challenges the notion of ‘understanding’ in AI.

49
Q

How does the Chinese Room Argument relate to the Turing test?

A

It highlights the gap between behavior and comprehension (passing the test != true understanding)

50
Q

What is commonly perceived as the difference between ‘Weak’ and ‘Strong’ AI?

A

‘Weak AI’ refers to systems designed to perform specific tasks, while ‘Strong AI’ refers to systems that possess genuine intelligence & consciousness

51
Q

How does the Mind-Body Problem relate to AI?

A

The Mind-Body Problem questions the relationship of mental and physical states, relevant to discussions on whether machines can have minds

This philosophical issue impacts theories of consciousness in AI.

52
Q

Do you find the Mind-Body Problem convincing?

A

Subjective opinion

Responses may vary based on individual perspectives on consciousness and AI.

53
Q

What is the goal of Strong AI?

A

To create universally intelligent agents that encompass the full range of human cognitive abilities

54
Q

What is a Physical Symbol System (PSS)?

A

A concept introduced by Allen Newell and Herbert Simon that describes a class of systems capable of manipulating symbols and exhibiting intelligent behavior.

They manipulate symbols and structures using operators and control mechanisms

55
Q

What does the Physical Symbol System (PSS) Hypothesis state?

A

A PSS has the necessary and sufficient means for general intelligent action, suggesting that properly organized physical symbol systems can exhibit human-like intelligence.

56
Q

How is the Turing test conducted?

A

A test where a human judge interacts with a computer and a human.

if the judge cannot reliably distinguish between them, the computer is considered intelligent.

Introduction to AI (3/3) (4 decks)

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