Philosophy 163.001

Question 0

Invalid Argument

Answer 0

Possible for the premise to be true and the conclusion be false (at the same time)

Question 1

False

Answer 1

If all premises of the argument are true, then the conclusion must be true as well.

Question 2

Example of an invalid argument

Answer 2

1. The sky is blue
2. Dogs bark
   Therefore,
3. Obama is president.

Question 3

Sound Argument

Answer 3

Is a valid argument in which all of the premises are true.

Question 4

Soundness (easy alternative)

Answer 4

(Sound argument) = [valid + (all true premises)]

Question 5

Sound argument (example)

Answer 5

1. All Collies are dogs
2. All dogs are mammals
   Therefore,
3. All Collies are mammals

Question 6

Unsound argument

Answer 6

One that is either invalid or has at least one false premise

Question 7

Autonomy

Answer 7

Freedom of being able to decide for yourself what you believe by using ones own ability to reason

Question 8

Is a statement (IMPORTANT)

Answer 8

“Why?” Asked Socrates.

Question 9

Beliefs ——> (lead to) —–>

Answer 9

Actions

Question 10

False

Answer 10

All valid arguments have at least one false premise

Question 11

False

Answer 11

Some statements are invalid

Question 12

False

Answer 12

Every valid argument has true premises and only true premises

Question 13

False

Answer 13

A sound argument can have a false conclusion

Question 14

True

Answer 14

If a valid argument has only true premises, then it must have a true conclusion

Question 15

False

Answer 15

If a valid argument has only false premises, then it must have a false conclusion.

Question 16

Critical Thinking Pyramid

Answer 16

Philosophy
^
Critical Thinking
^
Logic

Question 17

Some invalid argument have false conclusions but all true premises.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

Every valid argument with a true conclusion is sound

Answer 18

False

Question 19

Every valid argument with a false conclusion has at least one false premise.

Answer 19

True

Question 20

Every unsound argument is invalid

Answer 20

False

Question 21

Some premises are valid

Answer 21

False

Question 22

If an argument has all true premises and a false conclusion, then it is invalid

Answer 22

True

Question 23

Critical Thinking

Answer 23

Is a way of deciding whether a claim is true, partially true, or false; a process that leads to skills that can be learned, mastered, and used

Question 24

Critical Thinking (alternate definition)

Answer 24

“Put somewhat differently, critical thinking is disciplined thinking grounded by clear intellectual standards.

Question 25

Validity (Valid) – (formal definition)

Answer 25

A valid argument is one in which it is necessary that if the premises are true, then the conclusion is true.

➡️ [Premises = True] — then —> [Conclusion = True]

Question 26

Validity (Valid) – (Alternative definition)

Answer 26

A valid argument is one in which it is IMPOSSIBLE for the premise to be true and the conclusion be false

➡️ [true premise = false conclusion] = IMPOSSIBLE

Question 27

Validity (Valid) = NOT THE FOLLOWING STATEMENT
–> IMPORTANT <–
(Claim by Dr. Salsbery Himself in Class)

Answer 27

If all the premises of the argument are true, then the conclusion MUST be true as well.

Question 28

Invalid Argument – (formal)

Answer 28

Is one in which it is NOT necessary that, if the premises are true, the conclusion is true.

Question 29

Invalid – (alternative definition)

Answer 29

Is one in which it is possible for the premises to be true and the conclusion be false (at the same time).

➡️ –POSSIBLE: [Premise = True] —> [Conclusion = False]

Question 30

Invalid Argument – (example)

Answer 30

1.) Roses are red.
2.) Violets are blue.
Therefore,
3.) Obama has at least one shoe.

➡️ Conclusion = True; Premises = True
But, Premises do not support the conclusion

Question 31

Sound Argument

Answer 31

Is a valid argument in which all premises are true

Question 32

Soundness

Answer 32

(Sound Argument) = [Valid + (All premises are true)]

Question 33

Sound Argument – (example)

Answer 33

1.) Everyone in the study group is enrolled in PHI 163.001.
2.) Everyone enrolled in PHI163.001 attends college at SFASU.
Therefore,
3.) Everyone in the study group attends college at SFASU.

Question 34

Wishful Thinking

Answer 34

Belief that wishes correspond with reality

The unrealistic belief that something that is wished for is actually true or will be realized

Question 35

Wishful Thinking – (examples)

Answer 35

• A child believing in Santa Clause
• An adult believing reality TV is actually real and not scripted
• An adult who believes they are righteous in their moral beliefs without ever thinking for oneself