Philosophy Flashcards
1
Q
Philosophy is a __________, a child & a bird
A
candlelight
2
Q
Philosophy is not: a ________, broken glass, boring
A
monster
3
Q
Questioning the things you are thinking
A
Philosophizing
4
Q
It comes from two greek words- Philos (love) and Sophia (wisdom) – the love of wisdom.
A
Philosophy
5
Q
Philosophy is the pursuit of ________, _____, and __________
A
wisdom, truth, and knowledge.
6
Q
Philosophy is a _________ and __________ activity and a method of mental exercise.
A
reflective, meditative
7
Q
What are the branches of Philosophy?
A
Metaphysics, Ethics, Aesthetics, Epistemology, Logic
8
Q
Concerned with the nature of existence, being, and the world.
A
Metaphysics
9
Q
“What is the nature of reality?” Is a question under what branch of Philosophy?
A
Metaphysics
10
Q
Is based on well-founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do.
A
Ethics
11
Q
“What is goodness?” Is a question under what branch of Philosophy?
A
Ethics
12
Q
Concerned with nature and appreciation of art, beauty, and good taste. It has also been defined as a “critical reflection on art, culture, and nature.”
A
Aesthetics
13
Q
“Why do we find certain things beautiful?” Is a question under what branch of Philosophy?
A
Aesthetics
14
Q
The study of knowledge. The study of the nature, scope, and limits of human knowledge.
A
Epistemology
15
Q
“How do we know what we claim to know?” Is a question under what branch of Philosophy?
A
Epistemology
16
Q
The study of argument and from a concern with the correctness of argumentation
A
Logic
17
Q
What are the characteristics of Philosophy?
A
Analysis of Framework, Examination of Knowledge, As a Discipline
18
Q
A way of thinking about the world and is composed of views and beliefs.
A
Frameworks
19
Q
Philosophy goes hand in hand with other disciplines in terms of examining their fundamental purposes
A
Examination of Knowledge
20
Q
What disciplines go hand in hand with Philosohy? Provide all three
A
Philosophy of Science, Philosophy of Religion, Philosophy of Education
21
Q
Philosophy has its distinct area of knowledge with its own goals, concerns, and ways of doing things.
A
As a Discipline
22
Q
Why do we need to Philosophize? (Rene Descartes’ answer)
A
To doubt
23
Q
Why do we need to Philosophize? (Karl Jaspers’ answer)
A
Experience
24
Q
Importance of philosophy to one’s life
A
- It enables a person to engage in critical analysis and interpretation of concepts, definitions, arguments, and problems.
- Philosophy also improves problem-solving and decision-making
- Philosophy can help one to be open to different ideas
- Philosophy can help one to gain wisdom
- Philosophy can contribute to self-development
25
Who are the Greek Triumvirate
Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
26
His way of doing philosophy was by making dialogues with various people
Socrates
27
“An unexamined life is not worth living” is said by?
Socrates
28
Was charged with corrupting the minds of the youth.
Socrates
29
A student of Socrates
Plato
30
wrote down the dialogues of Socrates and his interlocutors
Plato
31
explains the two worlds of Plato, the real world and the unreal.
Allegory of the Cave
32
A student of Plato
Aristotle
33
Opposed Plato’s Theory of Forms
Aristotle
34
For Aristotle, the forms can be achieved through the ______.
senses
35
Aristotle maintained that things can be known and proven using the senses and the _______ __ ________
faculty of reason
36
Aristotle forward the notion that the forms have two categories, namely, __________ and __________.
substance, accidents
37
can subsist on its own
substance
38
need another thing to exist.
accidents
39
According to the Greek Triumvirate, human beings are endowed with ________.
reason
40
Focused on “Who and What am I?”
Eastern Philosophy
41
Search for the meanings of being human
Eastern Philosophy
42
Philosophy and ______ is connected in eastern philosophy
religion
43
Started by Kongzi or Confucius over 2500 years ago.
Confucianism
44
Peace starts at _____
home
45
Confucianism is considered a ______ philosophy
social
46
____________ is grounded on the assumption that proper social and political behavior is cultivated in the family.
Confucianism
47
_____ _______ principles that a ruler should abide by:
Three principles
48
Three principles:
- First, _______ a clear character
- Second, show _______ for the people
- Third, aim for the ___________ good
manifest, concern, highest
49
What are the Confucian Virtues?
Jen (ren), Yi
50
Means human-heartedness and denotes a compassionate person
Jen (ren)
51
it can also be called righteousness, which consists of doing things in the right manner
Yi
52
should possess the virtue of Jen and Yi
Chung Tzu or Junzi (Gentleman)
53
Chung Tzu or gentleman bears the possibility of becoming a _______
leader
54
becoming a superior is not because of one’s status in the social hierarchy, but because of his knowledge of the virtues being translated concretely in his life
Richey, 2008
55
Historical Buddha (_________ _________)
siddharta Gautama
56
is anchored on the idea that human person lives in suffering and that he should overcome this.
Buddhism
57
deep dissatisfaction; thirst for endless desires
Suffering
58
“all phenomena are conditioned, transitory, devoid of any ‘_________’ or ‘____’ that remains unchanged over time.”
essence, self
59
- Human life is pervaded by suffering
- Suffering is a result of craving
- State of freedom from suffering - called Nirvana (abandoning the craving)
- Nirvana can be attained through the Eightfold Path
Four Noble Truths
60
What are the two Division of Wisdom?
1. Right Understanding
2. Right Thought
61
What are the three “The Division of Ethical Conduct”?
1. Right Conduct
2. Right Action
3. Right Livelihood
62
What are the “Division of Mental Discipline”?
1. Right Effort
2. Right Mindfulness
3. Right Concentration
63
Buddha’s ethical teaching is
“Karma and Rebirth”
64
What are the three kinds of true knowledge
1. Knowledge of past lives
2. Cycle of rebirth is governed by Karma
3. The four noble truths
65
Good and bad actions are like seeds that, if planted, will bear fruits in the future
Karma
66
Buddhism teaches us to be ________ as it describes life as it is
realistic
67
Responds to the question of “Who Am I?”
Indian Philosophy
68
promotes a reflective approach to reality
Indian Philosophy
69
The common theme of Buddhism is “____ ___ ____”
see the self
70
What are the Theories of Truth?
Knowledge, Correspondence Theory, Coherence Theory, Relativism, Constructivist Theory, Consensus Theory, Pragmatic Theory
71
“Justified True Belief”
Knowledge
72
something is true because you believe it to be true and there is justification for such belief
Knowledge
73
Actual State of Affairs
Correspondence Theory
74
both the knower’s mind and the thing being perceived must correspond to each other
Correspondence Theory
75
Written
Coherence Theory
76
Something is true if it makes sense when placed in a certain situation or context
Coherence Theory
77
A philosophical concept that contends that there are no absolute truths
Relativism
78
Construct
Constructivist Theory
79
Knowledge is shaped by social forces and influenced by culture and history
Constructivist Theory
80
Views knowledge as based on argumets and that something is true when if almost everyone agrees that it is true
Consensus Theory
81
Verification Theory -> Scientific Theory
Pragmatic Theory
82
Stems from Positivism
Pragmatic Theory
83
A view that claims that something is true if we can put it into practice and is useful in real life
Pragmatic Theory
84
What are the methods of philosophizing?
Socratic Method, Dialectical Method, Phenomenological Method, and Hermeneutics
85
open-ended questions
Socratic Method
86
usually takes the form of a dialogue in which people discuss and analyze a specific subject matter
Socratic Method
87
the art of asking a question that is committed to the truth
Socratic Method
88
1. Establish a Socratic relationship.
2. Get the person's belief, contention, or conclusion
3. Understand how the person uses the terms that he uses to avoid ambiguity
4. Ask for reasons or supporting evidence
5. Once the person has given his claim, terms, and reasons, make sure to show your understanding of them by rephrasing them in your own words.
6. When the person sees that you are on his side, you can start the next level: exploration. You may go either 'upstream' or 'downstream'
7. Use options to give the person a choice.
8. You may also match your style with the personalities of the person you are inquiring.
Procedures on how to apply socratic method
89
Dialego (debate/discuss)
Dialectical Method
90
a method of studying and understanding the real development and change
Dialectical Method
91
Thesis vs Antithesis = Synthesis (New Thesis)
Dialectical Method
92
Claim or Hypothesis
Thesis
93
Negates the given thesis
Antithesis
94
Result of conflict of the Thesis and Antithesis
Synthesis
95
phainomenon (appearance), logos (study/reason)
Phenonomological Method
96
Phenomenological Method investigates the _______ of _______ of the things that appear to a person. Helps a person to examine their own experience of something
essence, nature
97
Most original/pure phenomenology
Husserl’s Phenomenological Method
98
emphasizes the person’s lived experience to get to the true meaning of reality
Phenomenology
99
the belief that the reality outside the person is relative to and separate from the person who expresses it
Natural Attitude
100
the process whereby a person suspends their beliefs or the things they have learned from the natural attitude
Phenomological Attitude
101
epoché - abstain
Bracketing
102
Letting go of one’s biases/prejudicies
Bracketing
103
‘set aside’n a person’s experience to see the thing in itself
Bracketing
104
the movement from fact to essence, a transcendental reality that refers to the immateriality of things, such as thoughts, feelings, memories, etc.
Eidetic Reduction
105
associated with Hermes
Hermeneutics
106
interpreting/interpretation
Hermeneutics
107
Hermeneutics capture the _____ of the test
truth
108
offers a toolbox for efficiently treating problems of the interpretation of human actions, texts, and other meaningful material
Hermeneutics
109
romanticist hermeneutics
Schleiermacher’s system
110
starts from the subjective interpreter
Schleiermacher’s system
111
considers the historial and the cultural context to grasp the original authorial intention
Schleiermacher’s system
112
in seeking the truth of what the person has said, one must aim for what the person has intended to say, considering the history and cultural background
Hermeneutics Process
113
Give an example of literary hermeneutics
poems
114
Legal Hermeneutics
Why a law was made
115
a verbal expression of mediate inference
argument
116
a group of three or more propositons; one is a _______, the others are _______ premises
conclusion, premises
117
An argument has two basic elements/components. What are those?
Premise, conclusion
118
reasons/evidence; answers “why”
Premise
119
claim/main point; answers “what?”
Conclusion
120
Is a set of propositions
Argument
121
Has an inferential claim
Argument
122
The premise an conclusion must have a direct ________ connection or an interdependent relationship
logical
123
A claim without a reason is not an argument, and a reason without a claim is not an argument. True of False?
True
124
What are the two types of Argument?
Inductive and Productive/Deductive
125
Particular to universal
Inductive
126
universal to particular
Productive/deductive
127
Therefore, hence, thus, then, so, accordingly, apparently, in consequence, consequently, proves that, as a result, for this reason, for these reasons, etc.
Conclusion Indicators
128
Since, because, for, as, follows from, as shown by, in as much as, as indicated by, may be inferred from, may be derived from, may be deducted from, in view of, in view of the fact that, granted that, the facts are, assuming that, etc.
Premise indicators
129
are defects that weaken arguments. It is considered to be errors in reasoning. When we accept a position or persuade others to accept our claim based on weak line of reasoning, a fallacy is committed.
Fallacies
130
What are the types of fallacy?
1. Fallacies of relevance
2. Fallacies of presumption
3. Fallacies of ambiguity
131
3 Theories of the Philosophy of Science
Positivism, Falsification, Paradigm Shift
132
scientific approach to society
Positivism
133
to make a theory true, make it false
Falsification
134
analysing science changes paradigm
Paradigm shift
135
teaching theories
paradigm
136
5 Theories of the Philosophy of Education
Essentialism, Progressivism, Perennialism, Constructivism, Existentialism
137
Back to basic (3 R’s)
Essentialism
138
Learning by doing
Progressivism
139
Traditional; Oppositve to Progressivism
Perennialism
140
Intellect, constructing students’ thoughts
Constructivism
141
Freedom to learn
Existentialism
142
A process of putting things into practice
Praxis
143
Man
Humankind/mankind
144
Man
can be used when one is studying about genders
145
Someone who knows their abilities/rights/responsibilities
Person
146
Biological term (changed from man)
Human
147
What are the 4 Human Perspective?
1. Biological Perspective
2. Psychological Perspective
3. Economical Perspective
4. Theological Perspective
148
Focuses on a human's PRIMAL
INSTINCTS. (survival and reproduction)
Evolved over time to possess rationality.
Symbolic Interactionism:
Associating things with meaning.
Scientific (Natural) Perspective.
Biological Perspective
149
Humanity’s greaterst achievement
Culture
150
Humans possess mental faculties
Psychological Perspective
151
What are these mental facilities?
1. Psyche
2. Intellect
3. Rationality
4. Introspection
152
Conscious and unconscious mind
Psyche
153
Ability to receive and apply information
Intellect
154
Ability to reason and be logical
Rationality
155
Reflection; examining oneself
Introspection
156
Humans are consiered as such when they have the ability to produce, needs money, works to live, and satisfy one’s self-interest
Economical Perspective
157
Humans are children of God
Theoloical Perspective
158
3 types of human person
1. Legal Person
2. Natural Person
3. Moral Person
159
government and corporations
Legal person
160
Does the law; All of us
Natural person
161
Possesses autonomy, self-awareness, intelligence, communication
Moral person
162
What’s under the “Human Person”
1. Self
2. Identity
3. Personhood
163
Innate (religion), can be innate, emerget, integrated, and developing
Self
164
physical characteristics, mental attributes; experience, memories, ideas, and views
Identity
165
Autonomous being, unified individual, relation to others
Personhood
166
Utilizing your free will to do things on your own
Autonomous Being
167
Having the inherent capacity to function
Unified individual
168
Socializing with others
Relation to others
169
initiative;acting without other’s dictation
Reasoned free choice
170
Aspects of the Human Person
1. Material Aspect
2. Non-material Aspect
171
Body/physical appearance
Material aspect
172
Emotional needs, desires, and positions
Non-material aspect
173
quality of being materialized
Embodied
174
something immaterial
Spirit
