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Apologetics > Philosophies and Figures > Flashcards

Philosophies and Figures Flashcards

1
Q

What is Idealism?

A

Idea that all that exists is in the life of the mind. The phenomenal world is the projection of our consciousness

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2
Q

Immanuel Kant

A

Dates: 1724-1804
Knowledge not from the outside in, but from the inside out. We impose our mental categories on outside experiences.
We can know the phenomenal realm (things as they appear to us) but not the noumena realm (things as they are in themselves: God, spirituality).
- At the same time, Kant wanted to leave room for religion. The self has an inner sense, the moral law within. The is practical reason, not pure reason
- A response. God has spoken and we know him. He speaks in general revelation and special revelation

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3
Q

Rationalism

A

Theory that bases everything on universal principles of innate reason. Absolute certainty the legitimate form of knowing. Emphasis on logic
- Proponents: Descarte, Kant (though Kant believed that reason cannot go beyond the phenomena)

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4
Q

Empiricism

A

All knowledge comes only from sensory experience.
- Proponents: John Locke, David Hume, George Berkeley

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5
Q

Modern Philosophy

A

Time in philosophy in the 17th-19th centuries that saw the rise of empiricism and rationalism

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6
Q

Post-Modernism

A

Later 20th century way of thinking that is skeptical towards ideas of the Enlightenment. Promotes relativism

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7
Q

Plato and Platonism

A

5 cen BC philosopher
- Believed that the One (It/god) is the ultimate principle, the ideal. All else is less real.
- The knower can become merged with the One.
- Liberation from the body sought in a sense

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8
Q

Parminides

A

Early philosopher who believed that the only reality is ideas. All projection of ideas, no material.

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9
Q

Paraclites

A

All in flux. Constant change

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10
Q

Stoics

A

All reality was one and material.
- All reality is material and also divine
-Whole world and heaven are the substance of God.
- Valued indifference and lack of emotion

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11
Q

Epicureans

A
  • Sought liberation from fear.
  • Reality consists of randomly swerving atoms and the void
  • gods did not care for the world.
  • Happiness about maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain
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12
Q

Philo of Alexandria

A

Dates 25 BC-50 AD
- Interpreted the Scriptures in a Platonic manner.
- God is the One, the Supreme person. He is the origin and source`

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13
Q

Neo-Platonism

A
  • Ammonius Saccas known as the founder of Neo-platonism.
  • He taught Plotinus and Origen
  • Taught that matter was close to non-being. Created by demiurge.
  • “Ascent to the One is descent to your self” Contemplation and Mediation become more important.
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14
Q

Gnosticism

A
  • Means “to know”
  • Radical separation of the body and the soul. World is evil.
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15
Q

Perennial Philosophy

A

-The idea that all religions have core areas of agreement, which was a big tenet of Hermeticism
- Still influential to this day, as people like Kant call it “pure religion”

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16
Q

Pantheism

A

Everything is God

17
Q

Panentheism

A

The view that God transcends the world, yet God and the world exist in mutual dependence. “If I did not exist, God would not exist either.”

18
Q

Epistemology

A

Deals with how we know things.

19
Q

Univocity of Being

A

Everything that truly exists is one

20
Q

Rene Descarte

A

Dates: 1596-1650
“I think, therefore I am”
- Everything else to be doubted except the self
- A early rationalist philosopher

21
Q

Analogical Approach to God

A

Analogy between us and God, but not the same. God reveals himself via analogy. We can know God as he speaks to us.
-Creaturely knowledge is a copy (analogue) of divine knowledge. It is similar and dissimilar

22
Q

Archetypal and Ectypal Knowledge

A

Archetypal is original, ectypal is a copy

23
Q

Duns Scotus

A

13th century theolgian who beleived that some of our knowledge must coincide univocally with God’s knowledge. The difference between man and God is quantitative as opposed to qualitative

24
Q

Gordon Clark and CH Henry on Knowledge

A

Both believed that for us to have genuine knowledge of God, there must be an ontological link between God and us. We have univocal knowledge

25
Q

Karl Barth

A

-1886-1968 Swiss Theologian
- Neo-orthodox figure who reacted against much liberal thought
- Believed that God is completely transcendent and that the only way he can communicate to us is by Christ. Denied natural theology

26
Q

Hegel and Hegelianism

A

German Philosopher
- Beleived that all of reality is rational. Can know God in his inner being
- Believed that the Absolute Spirit realizes itself in the historical process of synthesis, antithesis, and thesis
- Monistic thinker. All reality is one

27
Q

Schliemacher

A

Dates: 1768-1834….
- Romantic Theologian, who said that we cannot know God rationally but that we can experience him by looking within
- About intuition rather than knowledge
- A response to the Enlightenment in many ways. Wanted to help moderns to believe

28
Q

Origen

A

Early Christian philosopher influenced by Plato.
- Believed that general and special revelation could not be separated.
- Likely a universalists

29
Q

David Hume

A

Empiricist philosopher. Believe things purely on instinct and habit
- Natural laws predict what normally happens
- All miracles are false.

30
Q

Secularlism

A

Idea that we have moved from superstition to the era of science, rationalism, and progress.

31
Q

Enlightenment

A

Prioritized reason above all. Rationalist in their thinking.
- Believed in the inner autonomy of reason.
- Truth not historically based.

32
Q

George Berkley

A

Dates: 1685-1753
- Idealist philosopher who believes that all that exists are ideas in the mind. Things only exists as they are perceived

32
Q

Romanticism

A
  • 18th-19th century movement
  • Truth is in constant flux.
  • Emotive rather than rational.
  • Inner autonomy of feeling.
  • A response to the rationalism of the enlightenment.
32
Q

Soren Kierkegaard

A
  • 1813-1855
  • Can’t really know God. About experience and reaching the leap of faith.
  • The way to have authenticity is by having a crisis of the law.
  • Almost an antithesis between God and Man.
33
Q

Humanism

A

A movement that came about during the Renaissance that put emphasis on the human realm.
- A big focus on the humanities

34
Q

Secular Humanism

A

An almost religious like view of man, as they are seen to not need God. Focus on reason, naturalism, etc

Apologetics (2 decks)

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