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ABA > Philosophical Underpinnings > Flashcards

Philosophical Underpinnings Flashcards

1
Q

Which level of scientific understanding is suggested by, “Users that complete at least 84% of the modules are more likely to pass the exam”?

A

Prediction

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2
Q

Which level of scientific understanding is suggested by, “The standardized test scores ranged from 75-125”?

A

Description

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3
Q

Which level of scientific understanding is suggested by, “Children who receive special education are less likely to go to college”?

A

Prediction

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4
Q

Which level of scientific understanding is suggested by, “Withdrawal design data indicate that when children get training, scores go up—when the don’t, scores go down”?

A

Control

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5
Q

Which level of scientific understanding is suggested by, “Changing criterion data show that each time the teacher raise the requirement to earn points, good behavior increases”?

A

Control

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6
Q

Which level of scientific understanding is suggested by, “The average duration of responses was 3 minutes”?

A

Description

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7
Q

Which level of scientific understanding is suggested by, “Alternating treatment data show that students are more likely to comply when a token system is in effect than when it is not in effect”?

A

Control

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8
Q

Experimentation

A

o Requires control over extraneous variables
o Is an evaluation of how one event is influences by other events
o Ideally requires that all variables be controlled except the dependent variable
o Involves arranging events to evaluate their influence on phenomena
o Is one of the philosophical foundations of behavior analysis

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9
Q

Philosophical underpinnings of behavior analysis include

A

o Empiricism
o Selectionism
o Determinism
o Parsimony
o Philosophical doubt
o Experimentation
o Replication

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10
Q

A parsimonious explanation

A

o Requires the fewest assumptions
o Built on an existing foundation of knowledge and laws

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11
Q

Despite several experiments that support the utility of behavioral momentum, a researcher questions the existence of this phenomenon. This researcher is

A

Demonstrating philosophical doubt

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12
Q

What is NOT likely to rely on empirical support?

A

o Newspaper
o Magazine
o Internet article

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13
Q

Given 2 explanations for the same phenomena, parsimony favors the explanation that is

A

Based on the fewest assumptions

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14
Q

Select the most parsimonious explanation. A 5 year old tantrums in the candy aisle due to

A

A history of reinforcement

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15
Q

Philosophical assumptions of behavior analysis include

A

o Pragmatism
o Empiricism
o Selectionism
o Determinism
o Parsimony
o Philosophical doubt

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16
Q

A student often spoke out of turn to get his teachers attention…The student’s increase in callouts and decrease in hand raising is best explained by

A

Selectionism

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17
Q

Which statement reflects a deterministic perspective with respect to a nonverbal adult who engages in aggression most mornings at breakfast?

A

Certain foods may upset her stomach, then she strikes out.

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18
Q

Determinism is the assumption that…

A

All events have causes

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19
Q

Behavior that is the result of ones genetic background is

A

Phylogenic

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20
Q

An intervention is supported by peer-reviewed experimentation, but you don’t think it will work because the outcomes are inconsistent with what operant conditioning would predict.

A

Accept the data until contrary findings emerge

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21
Q

The idea of selectionism is reflected in the statement that

A

Behavior is repeated or not depending on how it affects the environment

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22
Q

From a deterministic perspective, variability in behavioral data is evidence of

A

Uncontrolled influences

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23
Q

Human behavior involves an interaction between the continuation of phylogenic features that result in survival of the species and the contingencies of reinforcement that strengthen operant behavior. The process is …

A

o Selectionism

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24
Q

Operant behavior is

A

Ontogenic

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25
Q

Respondent behavior is

A

Phylogenic

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26
Q

Phylogenic behavior is

A

elicited

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27
Q

Ontogenic behavior is

A

emitted

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28
Q

Pragmatism is the philosophical belief that

A

The truth of an explanation is measured by the extent to which it leads to effective action

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29
Q

The statement that what matters to a marooned sailor is whether he is developing the skills to survive his predicament is characteristic of which philosophical view?

A

Pragmatism

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30
Q

Which statement reflects a deterministic perspective with respect to a child who exhibits unpredictable tantrums?

A

We haven’t yet identified the factors that control tantrums

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31
Q

Behavior that is the result of interactions with the environment during the individuals lifetimes is

A

Ontogenic

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32
Q

Which philosophical assumption is reflected in this explanation: A problem behavior is maintained by teacher attention.

A

Parsimony

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33
Q

Which philosophical assumption is reflected in the following statement: The reinforcing or punishing effects of environmental consequences are a principal mechanism in the development of an individual’s behavioral repertoire.

A

Selectionism

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34
Q

Mentalism attributes the cause of behavior to

A

Antecedent events

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35
Q

From a radical behavioral perspective, emotions and feelings

A

Are no different from other behaviors and can be analyzed and explained as such

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36
Q

Mentalism

A

o Appeals to feelings or states of mind as causes of behavior
o Explains behavior with reference to antecedent mechanisms
o Tends to halt further inquiry into causal factors

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37
Q

Acceptance of mentalistic explanations of behavior tends to

A

Halt further inquiry into causal factors

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38
Q

Which is NOT an explanatory fiction? A child becomes an award-winning pianist because

A

he practices at least 10 hours a week

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39
Q

Which is the correct way to talk about reinforcement?

A

When a behavior occurs more often after it produces a given consequence, the behavior has been reinforced

40
Q

Behavior analysts maintain that feelings are

A

respondents, explainable in the same terms as overt behavior

41
Q

Fido, the dog, runs to the door when he hears the car pull up to the house. It is NOT an explanatory fiction to claim that Fido runs to the door because

A

doing this has been reinforced by affection from his master

42
Q

With circular reasoning, the stated cause is

A

Just a restatement of the effect

43
Q

Feelings

A

o Can be explanatory fictions
o Do not cause behavior

44
Q

Studying behavior as a means to make inferences about causal internal events- an S-O-R model of psychology-is the practice known as

A

Methodological behaviorism

45
Q

Behaviorism broke with traditional psychology with its assertion that

A

The determinants of behavior were to be found in the environment rather than in the mind.

46
Q

Investigation of human behavior by radical behaviorists involves

A

A comprehensive description of all human behavior

47
Q

According to the philosophy of radical behaviorism,

A

Private events are no different from public events other than the fact that they’re unobservable.

48
Q

According to radical behaviorism, thinking is

A

The act of privately talking to oneself

49
Q

Using empirically derived principles to conduct a comprehensive analysis of all human behavior, including behavior that is not publicly observable, is the goal of

A

radical behaviorism

50
Q

In order to say that private events are behavioral (not mental) phenomena, radical behaviorism assumes that

A

They can be explained by the same processes demonstrated to control observable behavior

51
Q

The S-R model of psychology that described behavior as a response to antecedent environmental stimuli was the form of

A

behaviorism

52
Q

Radical behaviorism asserts that private events are

A

Behavioral events that are unobservable by others but that are controlled by the same behavioral processes that control public events

53
Q

In the term Radical Behaviorism, the word Radical means

A

Relating to the fundamental nature of something; far-reaching and thorough

54
Q

The idea that all behavior occurs as a function of antecedent and consequent event occurring in the physical environment_ an S-R-S model of psychology- is a feature of

A

Skinnerian Behaviorism

55
Q

Radical behaviorism is

A

An S-R-S model of psychology: behavior is a function of antecedent and consequent events occurring in the physical environment

56
Q

According to a traditional view of psychology, the proper subject matter for psychology is the nature and function presumed internal processes and conscious states of mind. This view typically represents a ____ perspective.

A

mentalistic

57
Q

A child says “May I have some candy, please,” because

A

The behavior of asking nicely often produces candy

58
Q

The behavior of asking nicely often produces candy

A

automatic reinforcement

59
Q

Characteristics of mentalism

A

o Creates names for inner entities presumed to cause behavior
o Assumes there are inner entities that are separate from behavior
o Asserts that behavior is merely an expression of internal states

60
Q

Objections to mentalistic explanations of behavior include the fact that

A

o The attribute to hypothetical constructs, which stops inquiry into verifiable causes
o Research resources are wasted on studying explanatory fictions
o They provide a circular argument in which a descriptive label is applied to behavioral effects

61
Q

What are examples private events?

A

o The pain from getting hit by a baseball
o Remembering items written on a grocery list
o Feeling 90 degree heat at an amusement park
o A tickling sensation from someone whispering in your ear

62
Q

After working late, a woman was waiting at the elevator to go home. The door opened and there was a rough looking man on the elevator. She said “Oh I forgot my papers and turned away. Which is not a mentalistic explanation of her behavior?

A

She had learned a rule and turning away functioned as following that rule.

63
Q

A mentalistic view is one that considers causes of behavior to be

A

Entities or event within the individual

64
Q

A private event…

A

o Affects only one person
o Is stimulation that is evident only to the behaver
o Includes thinking

65
Q

Baer, Wolf, and Risley defined

A

Applied Behavior Analysis

66
Q

Practice guided by behavior analysis

A

Applies the findings of the experimental analysis of behavior and applied research to social issues

67
Q

A BCBA works with several clients who were recently diagnosed with food allergies. The BCBA is engaging in

A

Applied Behavior Analysis

68
Q

A teacher combines several empirically validated strategies to form her own behavior management system and then measures its effectiveness with students. These activities are best characterized as

A

Practice guided ABA

69
Q

Which exemplifies basic science? Using a reading program

A

As a means of investigating how students learn to read

70
Q

Which exemplifies behavioral technology? Using a reading program

A

That has been experimentally demonstrated to improve reading

71
Q

When engaging in practice guided by behavior analysis, you must evaluate

A

Whether a treatment package produces the desired outcome

72
Q

The experimental analysis of behavior is characterized by

A

basic research

73
Q

Which contribution can be directly attributed to the experimental analysis of behavior?

A

The distinction between respondent and operant behavior

74
Q

Research on the basic principles of behavior is characterized by

A

The experimental analysis of behavior

75
Q

The “analytic” dimension of applied behavior analysis involves identifying a functional relationship between behavior and

A

environmental events

76
Q

The “technological” dimension of applied behavior analysis involves

A

o A specific and detailed description of the procedures
o A complete and thorough description of the procedures
o Procedures that are comprehensively explained so that a trained reader could replicate them

77
Q

The conceptually systematic dimension of ABA means that

A

o Procedures are described in terms of basic principles of behavior

78
Q

The behavioral dimension of ABA

A

o Means focusing on behavior as the basis of intervention and target for change
o Requires studying what people do
o Refers to defining the problem in terms of the behavior that need to be changed

79
Q

According to Baer, Wolf, & Risley (1968), the applied dimension of ABA refers to addressing behaviors

A

of social significance

80
Q

The “applied” dimension of applied behavior analysis involves

A

o A focus on behaviors that are important to both the individual and society
o Using basic principles to solve problems of significance to participants

81
Q

The “analytic” dimension of applied behavior analysis requires

A

experimental control over environmental events responsible for behavior change

82
Q

The “effective” dimension of applied behavior analysis involves

A

o Treatment that results in a clinically significant change in an important dimension of behavior
o Intervention packages that are cost-effective
o Procedures that bring about behavior change efficiently
o Procedures that produce practical and significant changes in behavior

83
Q

Generality as a dimension of ABA is evidenced by effective results obtained across

A

o Individuals
o Settings
o Procedural variations

84
Q

Generality is exemplified when treatment effects continue

A

When implemented by unfamiliar staff

85
Q

The requirement that procedures are described in term of basic principles refers to which dimension of ABA?

A

Conceptually systematic

86
Q

Conceptually systematic is exemplified when a reduction in behavior is described as resulting from

A

Extinction

87
Q

Conceptually systematic is exemplified when a process is described

A

With respect to fundamental behavioral principles

88
Q

A technological description of a timeout procedure would include

A

What behavior, where, how long, what is said, how…

89
Q

A behavior analyst is able to replicate a procedure based on its written description. This reflects which dimensions of ABA?

A

Technological

90
Q

The requirement that behavior change procedures are described specifically and completely enough that a trained reader could replicate then refers to which dimension of ABA?

A

Technological

91
Q

The requirement that procedures produce practical and significant changes in behavior refers to which dimension of ABA?

A

Effective

92
Q

The effective dimension of ABA is exemplified by…

A

All people in the experimental group made friends compared to the few people in the control group who made friends

92
Q

An interest in behaviors that are important to both the individual and society refers to which dimension of ABA?

A

Applied

93
Q

Believable demonstrations of control over the events responsible for behavior change reflect which dimension of ABA?

A

Analytic

94
Q

The behavioral dimension of ABA is exemplified by…

A

o a child speaking
o Talking as a target behavior
o Rapid eye movement
o Gagging
o Sweating

95
Q

Studying what people do refers to which dimension of ABA?

A

Behavioral

ABA (4 decks)

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