philosophical perspectives Flashcards
“To be yourself in a world that is constantly trying to
make you something else is the greatest
accomplishment.”
socrates
socrates’ (bce)
469-399 bce
- provided a change of perspective
by focusing on the self. His life and ideas, documented by
his students, the historian and the philosopher, showed how - applied systematic
questioning of the self.
socrates
- believed that it is the duty
of the philosopher to know oneself.
socrates
- saw a person as dualistic, that is, every person is
composed of body and soul. There is an imperfect and
impermanent aspect of every one of us, which is our
physical body, and then, there is also the perfect and
permanent, which is our body and soul.
socrates
“The first and greatest victory is to conquer yourself;
to be conquered by yourself is of all things most
shameful and vile.”
plato
students of Socrates
xenophon (historian)
plato (philosopher)
Plato’s BCE
428-347 bce
- further expounded on the idea of the
soul by stating that it has three parts or components: the
appetitive soul, the rational soul, and the spirited soul.
plato
In his work The Republic, - emphasized that all three
parts of the soul must work harmoniously to attain justice
and virtue in a person.
plato
The - soul must be well-
developed and in-charge, the emotions from the - soul
are checked, and the desires of the - must be
controlled and focused to those that give life, like eating,
drinking, and sleeping among others.
rational soul
spirited soul
appetitive soul
“You have made us for yourself, O Lord, and our heart are restless until they rest in You.”
St. Augustine
is considered as one of the most
significant Christian thinkers, especially in the development of
the Latin Christianity theology.
st. augustine
- believes that there is this imperfect part of us, which is
connected with the world and yearns to be with the divine,
and there is a part of us that is not bound by this world and
can therefore attain immortality.
st. augustine
French mathematician, scientist, and
philosopher. He claimed that the person is composed of the cogito or the
mind, and the extenza or the body, which is the extension of the mind.
rene descartes
He
argues that a person should only believe the things that can pass the test
of doubt.
rene descartes
What makes a person a person is therefore the mind, and the body is just
some kind of a machine that is attached and controlled by it.
rene descartes
“No man’s knowledge here can go beyond his experience.”
Locke
English philosopher, political
theorist, and physician. His works as a physician provided
him with an idea that deviated from the duality of the body or
soul.
locke
A person’s mind is a blank slate or tabula rasa at birth. It is
through experiences that this blank slate is filled, and a
personal identity or “self” is formed.
locke
This “self” cannot be
found in the soul nor the body but in one’s consciousness.
Note, however, that the consciousness is not the - itself.
It is something that goes beyond the - and thus, for
Locke, the consciousness and the “self” that comes with it
can be transferred from one person or body to another.
brain
“The self is a bundle or collection of different
perceptions, which succeed each other with an
inconceivable rapidity, and are in a perpetual
flux and movement.”
Hume
according to hume, - is “a bundle or collection of different
perceptions, which succeed each other with an inconceivable rapidity,
and are in a perpetual flux and movement”. Simply, the - is a
combination of experiences of a person.
self
“All o u r knowledge begins
with t h e senses, proceeds
then t o t h e understanding,
and ends with reason.
There i s nothing higher
than reason.”
immanuel kant
