Philosophical perspectives Flashcards by John Paul Nacario

The armored infantry where Socrates served

Hoplite

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Why was Socrates placed on trial

impiety

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How was Socrates killed

Poisoning

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Concept about man being composed of body and soul

Dualistic

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Who claimed that the body is imperfect and the soul is perfect and permanent

Socrates

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Who said “the unexamined life is not worth living for beings”

Socrates

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What does Socrates say about knowledge and ignorance

Knowledge is virtue; Ignorance is vice

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A student of Socrates and teacher of Aristotle

Plato

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Who was able to found an academy in Athens and came from Greek aristocracy

Plato

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Main concept of Plato

Tripartite soul

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Composition of Tripartite soul

Reason, Spirit, and Appetitive

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Attached to knowledge and truth. Concerned to guide and regulate life.

Reason

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Motivating force for ambition and self-assertion.

Spirit

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What is the natural attachment of the spirit

honor, recognition, and esteem by others

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Concerned with food, drink, and sex

Appetitive

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Gives rise to desires and money-loving part

Appetitive

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Criticized Plato for being too metaphysical

Aristotle

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Main concept of Aristotle

World: Matter and Form

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PLATO: The Real is immaterial and in the World of
Forms

ARISTOTLE:

The real is the sensible or what can be perceived

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Where was St Augustine born

Tagaste, in Numidia

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What did St Augustine write

Confession, City of God

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When and who was St. Augustine baptized by

Bishop Ambrose of Milan on Easter Sunday

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Augustine’s View on human nature

body-soul composite

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According to St Augustine human nature is defined by what

Original sin

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is conceived in terms that stress the role played by reason in a life that is in keeping with the larger order

Human agency

Goal of every human according to Augustine

to attain communion and bliss with the divine by living in virtue while on earth

Where was St Thomas Aquinas sent to train among the Benedictine monks

Abbey of Monte Cassino

When and where was St. Thomas Aquinas ordained

Cologne, Germany, in 1250

St. Thomas earned his doctrine under the tutelage of whom?

St Albert the Great

Make up everything in the universe

Matter (Hyle)

Essence of a substance

Form

Function of nutrition and reproduction

Vegetative

By which higher animals perceive and respond to their environment. Includes locomotion

Sensitive

Humans are able to use speech and have abstract thoughts

Rational

What did Rene Descartes famously said

Cogito, ergo sum - "I think, therefore I am"

Father of Modern Philosophy

Rene Descartes

What does it mean to be a real seeker of truth

“If you would be a real seeker after truth, it is necessary that at least once in your life you doubt, as far as possible, all things.”

Keystone of Descartes's concept of self

Cogito, ergo sum

Material, mortal nonthinking entity, fully governed by the physical laws of nature.

Physical self (body)

A spiritual, nonmaterial, immortal realm that includes conscious, thinking being

Mind

Locke on personal identity

The self is consciousness

Where knowledge originates from

direct sense experience

Who claims that A person is also someone who considers itself to be the same thing in different times and different places.

John Locke

What are the keys in understanding the self?

Conscious awareness and memory

According to John Locke It is in _________ alone that identity exist, not in the body and soul

consciousness

Main concept of David Hume

A bundle of perceptions/impression

basic sensations of our experience, the elemental data of our minds. Ex. pain, pleasure, heat, cold, happiness, grief, fear, exhilaration,

Impression

Copies of impression, less lively and vivid

Ideas

Perception of David Hume about self

A “bundle or collection of different perceptions, which succeed each other with an inconceivable rapidity, and are in a perpetual flux and movement.”

Impressions are ____ and _____

Lively and vivid

Who argues regarding “constant and invariable” self

David Hume

Perception of self by Immanuel Kant

We construct the self

Role of the mind according to Immanuel Kant

The mind organizes impressions

Perception of self by Immanuel Kant

our self that makes experiencing an intelligible world possible because it’s the self that is responsible for synthesizing the discreet data of sense experience into a meaningful whole.

a subject, an organizing principle that makes a unified and intelligible experience possible

The self

What makes the self a regulative principle

The self regulates experiences by making unified experience possible

Main concept of Gilbert Ryle

The self is how you behave

What is Gilbert Ryle's argument regarding the mind and body

The mind and the body seem connected in complex and intimate ways that spatial metaphors simply don’t capture.

What does Ryle call the idea regarding the mind being a seat of self

Ghost In The Machine

How is self best understood according to Ryle

A pattern of behavior, the tendency or disposition for a person to behave in a certain way in certain circumstances

Main concept of Paul Churchland

Eliminative Materialism

radical claim that our ordinary, common sense understanding of the mind is deeply wrong and that some or all of the mental states posited by common sense do not actually exist.

Eliminative materialism

The new conceptual framework of Paul Churchland will be based on and will integrate all that we are learning about

how the brain works on a neurological level

Main concept of Maurice Merleau-Ponty

The self is embodied subjectivity

an entity that can never be objectified or known in a completely objective sort of way, as opposed to the “body as object” of the dualists.

“I live in my body.”

“There is not a duality of substances but only the dialectic of living being in its biological milieu.”

Mind-body intertwined.

an actively engaged intelligence in man that synthesizes all knowledge and experience.

Self according to Kant

who claims that without the self, one cannot organize the different impressions that one gets in relations to his own existence.

Immanuel Kant

Argues that there is an inner self and outer self

Immanuel Kant

According to Locke, it is ________ alone that identity exist not in the body and soul

consciousness

Lock argues that the _____ may change, but __________ remains intact

soul, consciousness

According to Ryle The ________ is a category mistake, brought about by habitual use.

Mind

Ryle argues that What truly matters is the ________ that a person manifests in his day to day life

Behavior

Ponty argues that all ________ is embodied

experience

Ponty argues that the self is

The emotion, living body, his thoughts, and experiences

Ponty's view on the mind-body

Mind-Body intertwined

Christian Bishop and Theologian

St Augustine

Doctor of the Catholic Church

St Augustine

Saint, Theologian, Philosopher, Priest (c. 1225-1274)

St Thomas Aquinas

Father of Rationalism

Rene Descartes

Empiricism

Locke