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RS (philosophy) > Philosophical Ideas > Flashcards

Philosophical Ideas Flashcards

1
Q

(Introduction) what was Plato was convinced about ?

A

The world is an imitation of another much greater reality

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2
Q

(Introduction ) how does Plato see the world ?

A

Constantly changing so cannot access true knowledge

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3
Q

(Introduction) what does Plato conclude?

A

Must be another realm where things are eternal and unchanging

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4
Q

(Introduction) what is this realm called where the world is eternal and unchanging ?

A

Realm of forms

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5
Q

(Introduction) how do we gain true knowledge?

A

By using our reason

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6
Q

What is Plato known as ?

A

A rationalist

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7
Q

What is a rationalist ?

A

Someone who thinks source of knowledge is reason

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8
Q

Things in the physical world are in the process of what according to Plato ?

A

Process of change

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9
Q

How do we learn about things in the physical world according to Plato ?

A

Through experience using our five senses this is the ideal form

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10
Q

Plato decided that we have intuition about the form so what does mean ?

A

When we were born we experienced them

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11
Q

How does Plato see circles ?

A

Circle in the physical world but it out mental concept the ‘form of the circle’ will be a perfect circle but when translated in the physical world it loses its perfection

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12
Q

What example does Plato use ?

A

Cave, analogy of the cave

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13
Q

What does the chain represent ?

A

Holding us back from knowing the truth

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14
Q

What does the sun represent ?

A

True reality , higher level of understanding and truth unchanging

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15
Q

What does the shadows represent?

A

False knowledge we accept as truth

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16
Q

What knowledge does Plato believe in ?

A

A prori knowledge/reasoning to unlock reasoning e.g triangle has 3 sides

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17
Q

What does the analogy of the cave represent?

A
  • injustice death of Socrates And the ignorance of humanity
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18
Q

What is the key message and conclusion of the cave: metaphysics?

A

What is real ? - the world is not real and unchanging world of forms

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19
Q

Key message and conclusion of the cave : epistemology ?

A

How do we gain knowledge?
Knowledge is in the in the mind (a proiri) not the sense as they only provide opinions

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20
Q

Who should rule according to Plato ?

A

Philosopher kings as not corrupt

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21
Q

How can we understand the forms ?

A

Everything in the world is in a process of change , people die or grow old but mathematical truths does not change e.g 2 + 2 always =4 and triangle always has three sides so unchanging truth

22
Q

What form everyone has in common ?

A

The form or idea of beauty

23
Q

What is the challenge of the cave ?

A

Plato does not offer proof of their being an existence of another real and unclear how two worlds can relate

24
Q

What are particulars ?

A

Imperfect imitations if the form and has the quality of beauty

25
Q

What is the form of good ?

A
  • ultimate form
  • goodness in its purest form
  • true knowledge
  • most important in the hierarchy
26
Q

What is the form of good in the allegory of the cave

A

Sun , as the light luminates other forms

27
Q

Cristism of Plato ?

A

We can only study and prove what is on the physical world , Richard Darwkins says it’s kinder to study a transcendent realm with no Evidence or proof

28
Q

What is another criticism of Plato ?

A

Must be form of everything , dirt , new inventions smartphone, dinosaurs does not exist

29
Q

Third evaluation of Plato

A

Theory of evolution means we have empirical means of explaining what similar objects or animals have in common
- cannot be a single form of good

30
Q

What is a strength of Plato ?

A

Form of good gives an absolute idea of what goodness really is , not a matter of opinion

31
Q

What is another strength of Plato ?

A

One of many arguments - innate ability to recognise forms due to metempsychosis so recognise one of many arguments

32
Q

What does Aristotle reject ?

A

Rejects the idea of forms

33
Q

How do we gain knowledge according to Aristotle ?

A

Through observation for the world around us

34
Q

Aristotle uses this term when he was thinking and writing about different kind of explanation what is this term ?

A

Aetion

35
Q

What is aetion ?

A

Aristotle used this when thinking and writing about different kind of explanation

36
Q

What is aetion translated as ?

A

Translated as cause and explanation

37
Q

What method does Aristotle use ?

A

Empirical method

38
Q

What are the four causes ?

A
  • material cause
  • formal cause
  • efficient cause
  • final cause
39
Q

What is the material cause ?

A

What Something is made from , this is the thing that the process of change begins with

40
Q

What is an example of material cause ?

A

Bronze of a statue

41
Q

What is the formal cause ?

A

Form or shape something has and allows it to be recognized/identified as whatever it is

42
Q

Example of formal cause ?

A

Rat is recognised by its colour, shape , size , features and color

43
Q

What is the efficient cause ?

A

Primary source of change. Activity that makes something happen

44
Q

What is example of efficient cause ?

A
  • maker of the object
  • parent of a child or person giving advice that you acted upon
45
Q

What is the final case ?

A

Most important cause. This is the cause of something/it’s purpose and reason for it existing at all.

46
Q

What else is the final cause known as ?

A

Telos , the end

47
Q

What is the example of final cause ?

A

The telos and final cause of walking is to be healthy

48
Q

(Prime mover) what did Aristotle realise ?

A

Universe was in constant change and motion

49
Q

What did Aristotle say there must be ?

A

Must be some kind of efficient cause or something or someone doing these actions to make this change or motion to happen

50
Q

What endless chain is there ?

A

Endless chain of cause of effect causing one thing to move then another to move

51
Q

WHO is the cause of the universe according to Aristotle ?

A

Must be God

52
Q

Nature of God ?

A
  • Prime mover
  • unmoved mover
  • cause wh in actualised the potential in everything

RS (philosophy) (2 decks)

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