Philosophical Antecedents and Emergence of Cognitive Psychology

Question 1

The acquisition, storage, transformation, and use of knowledge.

Answer 1

Cognition / mental activity

Question 2

Your knowledge about your own cognitive processes. It is a cognitive task where you think about your own thought processes.

Answer 2

Metacognition

Question 3

It is a theoretical orientation that emphasizes people’s thought processes and their knowledge.

Answer 3

Cognitive approach

Question 4

Scientific evidence obtained by careful observation and experimentation.

Answer 4

Empirical evidence

Question 5

He examined topics such as perception, memory, and mental imagery, discussing how humans acquire knowledge through experience and observation. He’s also reasonably called the first cognitive psychologist.

Answer 5

Aristotle (384 - 322 BCE)

Question 6

Considered the founder of experimental psychology, he proposed that psychology should study mental processes by advocating the use of objective introspection.

Answer 6

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 7

A technique where carefully trained observers would systematically analyze their own sensations and report them as objectively as possible under standardized conditions.

Answer 7

Introspection

Question 8

An early memory researcher who focused on rehearsal and repetition.

Answer 8

Ermann Ebbinghaus

Question 9

She is an early memory researcher who is most known for reporting the memory phenomenon “recency effect”. She is also the first woman president of American Psychological Association (APA).

Answer 9

Mary Whiton Calkins

Question 10

It is the observation that our recall is especially accurate for the final items in a series of stimuli (e.g., the final items in a grocery shopping list).

Answer 10

Recency effect

Question 11

It is a general theory where contents / structures of the mind (e.g., memories, sensations, experiences, emotions) are studied through introspection or looking within. It is used by Wilhem Wundt to contribute to the understanding of consciousness.

Answer 11

Structuralism

Question 12

It is a response to structuralism by placing emphasis on mental processes, or asking why and how the mind functions the way it does.

Answer 12

Functionalism

Question 13

A more extreme version of functionalism, it asks how cognitive processes are useful in everyday living.

Answer 13

Pragmatism

Question 14

He is a pragmatist who was most famous for his textbook, Principles of Psychology. He also described the “tip-of-the-tongue” phenomenon.

Answer 14

William James (1842 - 1910)

Question 15

It explored how two events or objects become associated in the mind, thus resulting in learning and remembering.

Answer 15

Associationism

Question 16

Two objects or events occur at about the same time. (ex. Cebu + lechon as a result of hearing both words around the same time)

Answer 16

Contiguity

Question 17

Two objects or events are similar to each other or have similar features (ex. White lab rats looking similar to rabbits/cotton/Santa’s beard)

Answer 17

Similarity

Question 18

Two objects/events that are often opposites of each other (ex. day/night, hot/cold)

Answer 18

Contrast

Question 19

During the rise of behaviorism, this was considered to be the 4th condition in order for learning to take place.

Answer 19

Contingency / dependency