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Ap Psychology Unit 1 test > Philosophers > Flashcards

Philosophers Flashcards

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1
Q

Socrates and Plato

A

Plato wrote in support of Nativism and thought the mind was sepreate from the body and that it continued on after death.

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2
Q

Nativism

A

The idea that certain basic knowlege was innate and doesnt need to be taught or learned, but when we age these basic truths rise to the surface within us. (we are born knowing certain things)

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3
Q

Aristotle

A

Belived that the mind couldnt seperate from the body, Put forth the ideas of empericism

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4
Q

Empericism

A

The idea that human knowlege and thought comes from ones senses and that science floureshes through observation and experiments (NOTHING IS INATE)

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5
Q

Descartes

A

1600s french philosopher, he studied nerves and reflexes and thought the human body was like a machine, and thought the body brings sensory information to the brain, the sould receives it, and then makes the body move and respond.

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6
Q

Kant

A

Argued that for humans to make sense of the world they had to have built in fundamentals. (concepts of time and space, how to store and organize sounds, what to attend to)

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7
Q

Dog metaphor

A

Thought is the only component to the soul (Kant dissagrees because dogs live in the same world as us and they dont learn like we do)

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8
Q

Charels Darwin (Natural Selection)

A

Living things evolve gradually, individuals whos inherited charachteristics are most adaptable are more likely to survive, living things act in ways that promote survival

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9
Q

William James

A

FATHER OF AMERICAN PSYCH: Gave the first psych lecture at harvars and wrote, “Principles of Philosophy) thought humans were motivated by biological instincts like cleanliness, curiosity, sympathy, jealousy, and socialbility) Thought that instincts are inherited tencancies

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10
Q

G stanley hall

A

recieved first ever PHD in psychology and opens the first psych lab

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11
Q

Wilhem Wundt

A

starts the first psych lab, first person to call himslef a psychologist, and rant he first experiments (reaction time)

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12
Q

Margret Floy Washburn

A

first woman to earn a PHD

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13
Q

Mary NOT A DOC Calkins

A

was denied her PHD at harvard, but became the president of American Psychological Association

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14
Q

Structuralism

A

an early school, breaking down mental experiences into their SMALLEST COMPONENTS (sensations perceptions and feelings) Used the introspective methiod

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15
Q

Introspection

A

careful self-examination and reporting of ones concious experience (pepermints)

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16
Q

Functionalism

A

Rejects structuralism, there was no point in studying isolated parts of conciousness since they act together in reality, Focused researchers on how mental processes work to our advantages AND how they vary from person to person

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17
Q

Gestalt

A

also rejected sturcturalism, their main argument was that the whole of conciousness is not the same as the sum of its parts (really focused on SENSATION and PERCEPTION

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18
Q

Biological Approach

A

Behavior and mental processes are shaped by biological processes. FOCUS: the brain and contral nervous system, sensation and perception, endocrine system, heredity and genetics.
HOW WE LEARN AND REMEMBER. (the sleep wake cycle, motivationa nd emotion,, mental illness)

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19
Q

Behavioral Approach

A

Focuses on observable behavior and the role of learning behavior. -The role of REWARD AND PUNISHMENT

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20
Q

Cognitive Perspective

A

Studies peoples mental processes to understand how humans gain knowlege about the world around them. (how we LEARN, form CONCEPTS, SOLVE PROBLEMS, MAKE DECISIONS, use LANGUAGE)

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21
Q

Cognition

A

“unobservable” mental process, focus is NOT on observable behavior. The study of conciousness, psychological determinations of behavior. The manipulation of mental images can influence how people behave. can be studied OBJECTIVALLY and SCIENTIFICALLY

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22
Q

Psychoanalytic/ Psychodynamic Approach`

A

examines UNCONSIOUS motives influenced by experiences in early child hood and how these motives govern personality and mental disorders.

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23
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

the FATHER OF PSYCHOANALYSIS. theory of personality

24
Q

Evolutionary approach

A

Functionalism, why we do what we do, the influence of charels darwin….Key points: the adaptive value of behavior/ the biological mechanisms that make it possible/ The enviornmental conditions that encorage or discourage behavior/ focused on helping mental dissorders, temperament, and interpersonal attraction.

25
Q

Evolutionary Approach EXAMPLES

A

Fear of spiders or snakes

preferance in foods, ect

26
Q

Humanist Approach

A

Rejected both behaviorism and psychoanalytic thought (free will and counsious choice). Humanists felt both perspecives were dehumanizing cause they ignored personal growth (an optomistic view of human potential)
- client-centered therapy
Humanistic approach was vauge and unscientific.

27
Q

Sociocultural APPROACH

A

explores how society and culture influence behavior. (culture comparisons may foster stereotypes) EXAMPLES: Ethnicity, Gender issues, Lifestyles, Income, ect)

28
Q

Eclectic

A

Most psychologists benifit from looking at a problem from mulitple approaches

29
Q

Biopsychosocial

A

View that illnesses can be treated by biological, psychological and social means (these are NOT mutually exclusive)

30
Q

Theory

A

an IDEA of how the world works

31
Q

Hypothesis

A

TESTABLE (driven by a theory)

32
Q

Case study

A

an intensive study of one or a small number of people either ebcause theyre normal or special

33
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

just going out into the world and watching people without affecting things.

34
Q

Hawethron affect

A

people changing their behavior because they know theyre being tested or watched.

35
Q

Survey

A

Asking questions to a group of people carefully

36
Q

Sampling Bias

A

when a sample isnt a good representation of the population

37
Q

Random Sampling

A

(fixes sampling bias) when every member of the population has an equal chance of being chosen

38
Q

Corralational study

A

a study that looks at A LOT OF DATA and looks for relashionships between two variables (and thus how well one can predict another)

39
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

a # between -1 and 1 that represents the strength and direction of a relashionship.

40
Q

Illusory Correlation

A

When people think there is a connection between two variables but it is not supported by data (nurses and the full moon)

41
Q

Experiment

A

The only study where researchers control what subjects experience (IV)

42
Q

Experimenters BIas

A

When an experimenter accidentally help, lead, treat some subjects differently.

43
Q

Random assignment

A

each subject has an equal chance of being in each condition

44
Q

Mode

A

most commonly occuring

45
Q

median

A

number in the middle

46
Q

mean

A

the average

47
Q

Range

A

largest number minus the smallest number (very susceptable to outliers)

48
Q

Histogram/ noremal distrobution

A

bell shaped

49
Q

Skewed distrobution

A

negative or positive, has outliers, isnt a perfect even bell shaped curve.

50
Q

Null Hypothesis

A

Often easier to disprove a theory than to prove it

assumes there is NO relashionship between the 2 varriables and that contorling variables has NO affect on the onther

51
Q

Inferential Statisticts

A

you are trying to “guess” mathmatically what the populationis doing based on what the sample did (uses a lot of statistical tests)

52
Q

Statistical significance

A

Statistical likelyhood that the results found in the experiment were NOT due to chance (random error)

53
Q

Applied research

A

designed to answer specific questions aimed at solving practical problems

54
Q

Basic research

A

a type of scientific research with the aim of improving scientific theories for better understanding and prediction of natural or other phenomena.

55
Q

empiricism

A

the theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience. Stimulated by the rise of experimental science

56
Q

Community Psychology

A

individuals’ contexts within communities and the wider society

Ap Psychology Unit 1 test (1 decks)

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