philopsopy dhoutout nate Flashcards
Epistemology
Study the question/ What is knowledge?
Skepticism
We can have no true knowledge concerning the world.
Empiricism
We may have knowledge concerning the world ONLY by senses.
Rationalism
Sensory observation is NOT the only way.
Metaphysics
What is real?
Mind-Body Dualism
Physical and mental objects exist
Idealism
ONLY mental objects exist
Materialism
ONLY physical objects exist
Mind-body problem
If mind & body exist they CAN’T interact
Identity thesis
Mental states = Brain states
Argument
Fight for reasonable answer
Conclusion
What is being argued for
Premises
Reasons in support of the conclusion
What does an argument contain?
Conclusion / Premises
Inductive argument
Matter of probability
Deductive argument
Matter of necessity
Tests for detective?
Valid / True
Sound?
Argument is sound if premises true and valid structure
Euthyphro’s 3 answers to “ What is Piety”?
1) Doing as he is doing
2) The same thing is liked by some gods but disliked by others.
3) Loved by all gods
What were the formal charges against Socrates?
Corrupting the youth / not believing in the gods
What is Socrates method?
Point out issues in peoples opinions
What are the 2 realms of reality?
Higher & Lower
Plato’s Theory of forms?
Lower realm = physical objects
Higher realm = Forms (ideal and abstract)
What is the difference between dreaming and being awake?
1) Dreaming perceives physical objects ONLY.
2) Awake perceives forms and physical
Allegory of Cave?
1) Shadows = physical objects (for people in cave).
2) as physical = forms ( for us )
Sticks and Stones ?
The soul must have existed before birth
What is Anamnesis (Recollection)?
Before birth, we resided in the realm of forms / direct knowledge of forms.
What are the 3 reasons we should doubt everything?
1) My senses have deceived me in the past
2) I may be dreaming
3) A powerful being such as God may be deceiving me.
Descartes discovery ?
I think , therefore I am
Proof for the existence of God?
God must exist
Epistemology?
Rationalism
Metaphysical ?
Mind body dualism
Innate ideas?
Ideas we are born with
What are Locke’s 3 arguments against innate ideas?
1) I can explain how it’s possible to come by ideas without making reference to innate ideas.
2)Even if universal consent was there certain beliefs don’t mean such beliefs must be innate.
3) No universal consent concerning innate ideas: Children and idiots don’t have them
What are two kinds of experiences ?
Sensation & Reflection
Locke’s metaphysical position ?
Mind-body dualism
Primary qualities ?
Independent reside in external physical objects. (shape , size, motion)
Secondary qualities ?
Dependent reside in mind. (heat , pain,color ,smell)
Berkeley’s EXTENDED argument for idealism?
1) Secondary qualities are no more than ideas.
2) Primary qualities are no more than ideas
3) Can’t observe material substance only attributes.
Berkeley’s SPECIFIC argument for idealism?
Perceive nothing other than our perceptions
Berkeley’s argument for existence of GOD?
Must be a universal observer
Berkeley’s metaphysical ?
Idealism
Berkeley’s epistemology ?
Empiricism
Hume’s epistemological system ?
Impressions & Ideas
(All ideas come from thoughts) .
Hume’s principle ?
Words are meaningless unless reference can be traced back to impressions
Hume’s Differentiation ?
Relations of ideas: The truths of logic and mathematics.
Matters of fact: Uncertain but uninformative about the world.
Criticism of substance?
We shouldn’t believe in the existence of either mind or matter.
Kants categories?
A posteriori, a priori , synthetic, analytic
Criticism of causality?
For every event there is probably a cause
Posteriori?
after sensory experience
Priori?
Before sensory experience
Synthetic?
Informative
Analytic?
Uninformative
Kants position in 2 steps?
1) Synthetic a priori
2) Categories of the Understanding
Kuhn:
Our perception is affected by our background belief systems
Kant:
Our perception is conditioned by our concepts.
