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Philosophy > Philo Exam > Flashcards

Philo Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Philosophy

A

Study of nature, reality, existence
Seeks to view the whole of reality into a single comprehensive view

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2
Q

Philosophy Science vs Theology

A

Philosophy
-studies the whole of reality
-ultimate causes
-uses logic, skepticism, criticism to make judgements about reality, existence

Science
-studies a single view of reality
-proximate causes
-cant be applied to every aspect of lives
-emprical data

Theology
-beliefs off a higher being/supernatural reveals divine revelation

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3
Q

Ontology vs metaphysics

A

Ontology - study of existnece/being

Metaphysics - study of teh ultimate reality

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4
Q

Wisdom vs knowledge

A

Wisdom
-requires knowledge of highest/ultimate causes
-based on experience, honest reflection, and ability to reason

Knowledge
-justifeid, ture, belief
-can be used to tell right/wrong
-attainable by research, study, etc.

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5
Q

ultimate vs proximate causes

A

Ultimate
-primary causes
-discoverable through reason and judgement

Proximate
-secondary cause
-discoverable through senses/empiricism
-relies on ultimate causes

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6
Q

Goal of wisdom

A

To learn about the ultimate nature of things, human existence, and fundamental truths about the world
Obtain both knowledge and experience throughout it.
Become a better person throughout the way and improve yourself
Wisdom is the ultimate aim of learning
Based on experience, honest reflection, and ability to reason

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7
Q

Problems with relativism

A

Main problems:
Allows dangerous extremist actions to happen, undermining ethics (genocide/slavery)
Claiming that there is no absolute truth is self-contradictory
Rob’s meaning of life: if there is no absolute truth, how can we know anything?

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8
Q

Problems with subjectivism

A

Problems:
Allows bad actions to occur like crimes because the criminal thinks their action is right
Self refuting
When a subjectivist explains why subjectivism is true, he is imposing an opinion on you but he claims that all opinions/knowledge/truth is different per person so its self-contradictory.

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9
Q

Truth

A

conformity of a proposition to the way things are
-objective reality independent of beliefs or perceptions

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10
Q

4 truth test

A

coherence
pragmatic
consenses
correspondence

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11
Q

What is Divine Revelation and how does it relate to philosophy?

A

Divine revelation: god has divine control over all actions and things in the universe
right/wrong actions can be guided by god
God communicates truth and knowledge to the people on Earth.
We have a role model and guide to follow through our path in life
This relates to philosophy because it talks about the absolute truth and what is real and what is not, the origin of the world, etc.

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12
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

General -> specific

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13
Q

Inducitve reasoning

A

Specific -> general

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14
Q

Belief vs knowledge (plato)

A

Belief
-acquired through senses and are about physical change
-they are the becoming and can change and come from sense experience

Knowledge
-acquired through reason and is about what is always the same
-the being -> never change

belief are appearance/illusion
knowledge is reality/real things

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15
Q

Theory of forms

A

The theory of forms is the ultimate goal of human understanding and highest form of truth and certainty.
-There is a realm of forms where platonic forms exist -> perfect models of objects and experiences
-These are pure and unchanging regardless of shifts in the universe
-The actual world is a mere shadow of this
-True and realiable knowledge rests in those who can comprehend the true reality
-We must recall not learn

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16
Q

What does plato believe true knowledge rests in?

A

Those who can comprehend the true reality behind the physical world (forms)

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17
Q

Knowledge according to plato

A

Something that is never changing and always the same
It is the being
-can only be gained through intellect/reason
-about how things truly are

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18
Q

Truth according to plato

A

Eternal, immutable, unchanging
-cannot be found in empirical world
-discovered by reason

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19
Q

opinion according to aristotle

A

Opinion comes from the physical world of illusion
-changeable and unanchored
-personal subjective experience

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20
Q

What did Plato think about the physical world and the senses?

A

Physical world is unreliable
senses cannot be trusted (illusion)
physical world is merely an opinion

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21
Q

Innate rationalist meaning

A

All knowledge comes from within us and from reason/intellect

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22
Q

Divided Line

A

There is the Form of the sun and the good

Sun
-illusions, opinion, imagination

Good
-rational intuition

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23
Q

What are the 3 parts of the soul according to Plato, explain each.

A

Appetite
-causes us to move to get things

Spirit
-causes us to achieve things

Reason
-only part of soul capable of reasoning
-guides spirit and appetite

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24
Q

4 cardinal virtues

A

Courage
Temperance
Justice
Wisdom

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25
Q

Rule of wise

A

In order to live a good life you must live in a functional and happy society

Workers: the ones that provide goods, food, shelter to sustain the state
Warriors: the ones that guard the state maintain law and order
Philosopher kings: the ones with the knowledge of the forms and know how to rule a state
Ex. they know the form of good
Use their intellectual abilities for common good not their own

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26
Q

What is a Philosopher-King?

A

Someone who is a philosopher-king:
Love of wisdom and search for true reality
Someone who loves wisdom negates the possibility of the love for falsehood, physical, sexual, material pleasures -> all desires that threaten corruption
Trained in philosophy and deeply understands the Forms (perfect and eternal ideals that exist beyond the material world)
Philosopher kings can make decisions based on reason + knowledge rather than bias + emotion
Wants common good rather than self-interest
Understands the forms of goodness

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27
Q

Why did the priestess Pythia say that Socrates was the wisest man?

A

The fact that he knew he had a lot more to learn and knew his strengths and weaknesses makes him wiser than any individual who claims to be wise.

28
Q

What is virtue (socrates)

A

Accordance to true nature
Fufilling function as human beings
Self-examination + knowledge + experience

29
Q

The unexamined life is not worth living

A

A life without speculation that does not question things beyond practical concerns makes your character incomplete, lacking excellence, virtue, psyche for granted, can’t improve yourself

-we should always be critical of our own beliefs, values, and actions in order to live a life of wisdom and virtue

30
Q

According to Socrates, what is the one true virtue? What is the one true vice?

A

True virtue: knowledge
Vice: ignorance

31
Q

Psyche

A

Mind + body
Conscioussness capacity to reason ability to reflect

32
Q

Why is Aristotle father of scienec

A

Because he challeneged platonic dulaism
He is a naturalist
He believes form + matter = 1 world
Embrology
Father of empiricism

33
Q

What is the golden mean?

A

The golden mean is a theory proposed by Aristotle stating that in all virtue and vice we must find a balance between excess and deficiency. If we do this we are able to live a life of moral excellence and cultivate our virtues.
This will lead to a good life -> happiness

We can learn to assert this balance through constant practice and application of our virtues.

34
Q

Aristotle’s hierachy f souls

A

Vegetative/nutritive: the part that wants to absorb matter
Sensitive soul: registers information regarding forms but does not become those things
Rational soul: analyze, understand, rational

35
Q

Four causes

A

Material cause: what it is made of
Formal cause: the shape/form it takes on
Efficient cause: what turns it from potentiality -> actuality
Final cause: purpose of its existence

36
Q

Happiness and virtue

A

In order to life a happy life one must cultivate and practice their virutes to live a life of moral excellence. Golden rule
-exercise your ability to will and reason and follow entelechy

37
Q

Happiness and pleasure (aristotle)

A

pleasure is just a temporary state of mind vs happiness which is the ultimate goal of life so we cannot achieve happiness through pleasure
Pleasure blocks out the perception of what is good
Happiness comes from living a good life which comes from golden rule

38
Q

Four levels of happiness aristotle

A

1: Laetus
-happiness from pleasure
-too much pleasure is bad we cannot have it constantly
-babies
-only temporary

2: Felix
-happiness that comes from achievement
-better than others
-too much is bad -self worth

3: Beautido
-happiness from helping others
-no money
-limit is human imperfection

4: Sublime beautiufo
-understanding your ultimate end
-searching for fullness and perfection

39
Q

4 powers of human nature

A

will
reason
concuspiscible appetite
-pleasure
Irascible appetite
-fear anger

40
Q

How to reach happiness according to aristotle (5)

A

-golden rule
-balancing soul
-entelechy (realizing ultimate end)
-pleasure control
-cardinal virtues

41
Q

sophrosyne

A

temperance

42
Q

entelechy

A

Every living thing has an inner urge to reach its ultimate end/discover its purpose and inner calling

43
Q

What is wrong with a life of pleasure

A

Animals are always succumbing to their pleasures since they are mostly stuck on their vegitative and sensitive parts of soul. Humans however have will and reason so they should not be rash like animals are.

44
Q

What seperates humasn from other beings

A

Will and reason

45
Q

Naturalism

A

Belief that reality consists of the natural world
everything is discoverable with laws of nature
-form + matter

46
Q

What is form according to aristotle

A

form = essence

47
Q

Substances composed of (aristotle)

A

hyle

48
Q

Most important virtue in golden mean

A

Self-confidence

49
Q

Law of contradiction

A

Something cannot be and not be at the same time

50
Q

Theology

A

The divine and its realtion to the universe

51
Q

Manichean dualism

A

Satan nd god are fighting in equal struggle

52
Q

Free will

A

Freedom to choose right/wrong

53
Q

free will to evil

A

Evil is caused by the misuse of free will when we abuse our rights
Not god permitting it just us deciding it

54
Q

Why does god allow suffering

A

Suffering is a consequence to free will
If we choose to abuse our free will we will suffer
God gives us free will so we don’t act lke robots

55
Q

St Augustine’s theodicy

A

Evil is the absence of Good
evil is caused when we abuse our free will

56
Q

Natural law theory

A

Every creature has a desire to act properly

57
Q

Eternal law

A

God has a plan for us to determine right/wrong

58
Q

Problem of evil

A

Linking evil with an all powerful all knowing all good god

59
Q

Acquina’s 5 proofs

A

First way: arugment from motion
-motion must be give to an object
-unmoved mover

Second way: argument from cause/ cosmological arguemnt
-it is impossible for any natural thing to be complete source of its own existence

Third way: argument from necessity
-some things are possible others are necessary
-god is the nescary reason possible things happen

Fourth way: arugment from gradation
-differences among things from simplest to god

Fifrth way: teological arugment
-natural order doesn’t arise itself
-something capable of ordering it must be in existence

60
Q

Natural reason

A

Things happening without god

61
Q

NAtural theology

A

Explain existence of god through empiricms

62
Q

Cricistims of sketpcisim, rationalism, empricism

A

Empricisn: senses are misleading
Rationalism: we need senses to explain some things
skepticism: self-cntradictory

63
Q

Ontological arugment

A

If an imperfect being exists, there must be a perfect being that created it

64
Q

Cogito ergo sum

A

If he is doubting he is thinking
If he is thinking he exists
I think therefore I am

cannot deny your own existnece

65
Q

Cartesian dualism

A

There are two seperate parts of a huamn being which is mind and body.
Mind is the thinking unextended substance
-conscious, self-awareness, emotions, feelings
Body is the unthinking exnteded substnace
-corporeal substance, has space

He believes that there could be doubt that body doens’t exist but the fact that is is movement and sensicle proves its presence
god would not implant a corporeal substance if its not real since he is a non-deciever

66
Q

Clear and distinct decartes

A

Clear - present and apparent to an attentive mind
Distinct - so precise and different from other objects

Philosophy (6 decks)

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