Philo Flashcards
-Bapu
-Leader of India Independence movement in British-ruled India
-employed nonviolence and civil disobedience that freed India,
inspiring movements for civil rights and freedom across the world.
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
- non-European poet, novelist, dramatist, and non-fictional writer. won
the Noble Prize in Literature (1913). - ‘Freedom’ in the late 19th century describing what kind of freedom he
desired for India. - regarded as the outstanding creative artist of the modern Indian
subcontinent. - His poetry was viewed as spiritual and mercurial. poems and
writings were generally aimed at spiritual, social, and philosophical
issues - highly influential in introducing the best of Indian culture to the west.
Social reformer who promoted art, literature, and culture.
Rabindranath Tagore
a towering figure in ancient Greek philosophy, who made important
contributions to logic, criticism, rhetoric, physics, biology, psychology,
mathematics, metaphysics, ethics, and politics.
Aristotle (384 B.C.E. —322 B.C.E.)
- “Power of choosing”
- humanity’s capacity to make choices, free will, is an instrument of
free choice.
THE POWER OF VOLITION
the power to act beyond simple, automatic responses. We
can act voluntarily because we can choose to act otherwise than
immediate, external circumstances dictate.
Volition
the power of knowing what is to be done. The task is to guide “WILL”.
WILL, is to be understood the terms intellect.
“If there was no INTELLECT, there would be no WILL.”
Practical Intellect
-our power, and we are responsible for them.
-are specific actions done at a particular time in a
particular situation with people.
Moral Acts
- Italian philosopher and theologian
Angelic Doctor.
Love Is Freedom
Thomas Aquinas (1225 - 1274; of Aquino, Italy)
A human being has a supernatural, transcendental destiny. This mean
that he can rise above his ordinary being of self.
-The power of change, however, cannot be done by human being alone,
but it is achieved through cooperation with God.
Love Is Freedom
-established the existence of GOD as a first cause.
-Of all God’s creations, human beings have the unique power to
change themselves and things around them for the better. As humans,
we are both material and spiritual. We have a conscience because of
our spirituality. God is love and love is our destiny .
Spiritual Freedom
GOD’s perfect plan, not fully knowable to humans. It determined the
way things such as animals and planets behaved and how people
should behave.
Eternal Law
-applies only to human being.
-foundation for moral law. The law that governs natural phenomena in
nature like the weather, elements and gravity.
Natural Law
-law that is directed to the common good
-Instruments in the promotion of virtue , which is necessary for the
common good
Human Law
-divided into:
Old Law (Ten Commandments) and the New Law (the teachings of
Jesus) -roughly corresponding to the Old and New Testaments
Divine Law
(born June 21, 1905, Paris— died April 15, 1980, Paris),
-French philosopher, novelist, and playwright
-best known as the leading exponent of existentialism in the 20th
century.
“Human being is free, human being is freedom. ”
Individual Freedom
Jean Paul Sartre
human beings are radically free. We are not bound by any external
factors, such as God or nature, that determine our actions or choices.
Instead, we are solely responsible for creating our own meaning and
purpose in life.
Individual Freedom
(born April 5, 1588, Westport, Wiltshire, England—died December 4,
1679, Hardwick Hall, Derbyshire)
-English philosopher, scientist, and historian, best known for his
political philosophy, especially as articulated in his masterpiece
Leviathan (1651)
THEORY OF SOCIAL CONTRACT
Thomas Hobbes
-social and political contract that created civil society and political
authority. The contract created the State and government
simultaneously
-Individuals agreed to a set of rules and in turn, they were guaranteed
basic equality.
THEORY OF SOCIAL CONTRACT
(born June 28, 1712, Geneva, Switzerland—died July 2, 1778,
Ermenonville, France)
-Swiss-born philosopher, writer, and political theorist whose
treatises and novels inspired the leaders of the French Revolution and
the Romantic generation. One of the most famous and influential
philosophers of the French Enlightenment in the 18th century.
-In his book The Social Contract , he elaborated his theory of human
nature.
-A new era of sentimental piety found its beginning
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
believed that human beings must form a community or civil community to protect themselves from one another, because the nature of human beings is to wage war against one another.
Since by nature, humanity tends towards self preservation , then it follows that they must come to a free mutual agreement to protect themselves.
Both Rousseau and Hobbes
should not be wasted but taken as a wonderful gift that
must be nurtured and protected, not impinging the rights or freedom
of others.
It is not enough that the human person is free but that one is
responsible for the consequences of one’s choice.
Freedom
The process and product of sharing experiences, knowledge,
understandings and expectations with others. The existence, nature
and meaning of things.
INTERSUBJECTIVITY as Ontology: The Social Dimensions of
the Self
-Jewish existentialist philosopher.
-Born in Vienna and was brought up in Jewish tradition.
-“I and Thou (Ich and Du)”. 1923, he conceived the human person in his wholeness, totality, concrete existence and relatedness to the world. All about human person. The human person experiences one’s wholeness not in the virtue of his relation to one’s self, but in virtue of one’s relation with other.
-human being does not exist in isolation and separation from the situations and people around him. Instead, everyone are deeply and extensively connected with each other
-For a person to truly understand himself and the world. he must reach out to others and understand them.
MARTIN BURBER
-born in Wadowice’ Poland.
-Elected to the papacy on October 16. 1978 (264” pope) and was considered a great pope during his lifetime.
-An architect of communism’s demise in Poland.
-encyclical letter. “Fides Et Ratio”, written to support and defend traditional Christian philosophy. He believed that faith and reason together allow people to know and love God.
-We participate in the communal life. Our notion of the “neighbor” and
“fellow member” is by participating in the humanness of the other person.
“Action reveals the nature of the human agent. It means who we are-our identity, our character, our personality-is shown through our behavior, actions, and choices. We are what we do”.
POPE JOHN PAUL Il or KAROL WOTYLA
For _______ and _______ the person is total not dual.
BURBER n WOTYLA
Poverty
-not one-dimensional, rather it is multidimensional. This means a person can be poor not only in terms of money, clothing, and food but also in terms of education. love, and relationships.
On Underprivileged Sectors of Filipino Society
- Person with disability is used instead of disabled person because this term maintains the dignity and value of the person.
-For parents with PWD children, the process of recognizing and identifying, will include feelings of shock sorrow and anger.
PWD’S
Born with tetra-amelia syndrome (absence of limbs). A motivational speaker who has touched the lives of millions, swims, plays football. and pretty much does everything. just like any other person.
Nicholas James Vujicic
-We are all entitled to human rights. These include the right to live free from violence and discrimination, to enjoy the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health. to be educated, to own property, to vote, and to earn an equal wage.
Rights of Women
-women must be united with men in wisdom and rationality. Society should allow women to attain equal rights. Women are not only to be valued until their beauty fades
-It is the fate of the fairest of flowers to be admired and pulled to pieces by careless hand that plucked them.
MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT
Being human means we are in relation with other human beings who might be different from us. Yet, regardless of the differences, our humanness is enriched as we participate in our community.
Jaymie L. Sardual
-does not exist independently without individual.
-an essential condition for human life to arise and to continue.
-It is in the society that an individual is surrounded and encompassed by culture, as a societal force.
- The question of the relationship between the individual and the society is the starting point of many discussions. It is closely connected with the question of the relationship of man and society.
Society
-An era of human history, beginning roughly 10,000 years ago and lasting until the beginning of the modern era
-production of food through agriculture was a central focus, and many people living in those societies worked the land.
Agrarian Era
-period of human history that succeeds the Middle Ages (which ended around 1500 AD) up to the present.
- period of significant development in the fields of science. politics. warfare, and technology.
-age of discovery and globalization. European powers and later their colonies, began a political, economic, and cultural colonization of the rest of the world.
Human beings as the most interesting nature during the modern period
Modern Era
-da Vinci’s study of the human form
-meant to be perfectly proportionate through the application of geometry and mathematics.
-demonstrate the perfect ratios and proportions found in human anatomy. An image associated with health/fitness, and with the practice of medicine. In some cases, the Vitruvian Man is himself taken as an embodiment of health.
The Vitruvian Man
(February 15, 1564 in Pisa Italy)
-natural philosopher, astronomer. and mathematician
-Telescope
Galileo Galilei
(March 3. 1847. Edinburgh United Kingdom)
-Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist and engineer
-First practical telephone.
Alexander Graham Bell
(February 11, 1847 - October 18, 1931)
-American inventor and businessman
-electric power generation, mass communication, sound recording. and motion pictures: phonograph, the motion picture camera, and early versions of the electric light bulb, have had a widespread impact on the modern industrialized world.
Thomas Alva Edison
(November 14. 1765 - February 24, 1815)
-American engineer and inventor
-world’s first commercially successful steamboat. the North River
Steamboat (Clermont)
Robert Fulton
Human persons are oriented toward their impending death Death is not the opposite of life, but a part of it.
Meaning of Life
“Man know thyself” “To be happy is to live a virtuous life”
Virtue is not something to be taught or acquired through education. but rather it is merely an awakening of the seeds of good deeds.
Socrates
(born Feb. 22. 1788. Danzig. Prussia-died Sept. 21.1860)
- German philosopher, one of the most influential thinkers in Western philosophy. He offered a unique perspective on life and the world.
-Known for his philasophical pessimism and profound insights into human existence.
Arthur Schopenhauer
-The philosophy of human existence is rich and complex, seeks to understand the nature and meaning of human life.
-It is all about the purpose of life, the nature of consciousness, and the relationship between humans and the world around them.
Existence
“The contemplation of beauty causes the soul to grow wings”
Contemplation
- the mind is in communion with the universal and eternal ideas (concepts that exist literally)
-important in the life of humanity because this is the only available means for mortal human being to free himself from his space-time confinement to ascend to the heaven of ideas and there communes with the immortal, eternal, infinite, and divine truths.
Theory Of Immortality
-The physical human body is the source of endless trouble to us.
-The physical body causes us confusion in our questions.
-To see the truth, we must quit the body.
-Knowledge can be attained after death.
Plato
Realizing your Potential
-account of change calls upon actuality and potentiality.
-Everything in nature seeks to realize itself to develap its potentialities and finally realize actualities.
“Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom”
Aristotle
(September 26, 1889. Messkirch, Germany-1976)
-German philosopher whose work is perhaps most readily associated with phenomenology and existentialism, although his thinking should be identified as part of such philosophical movements only with extreme care and qualification
-His ideas have exerted a seminal influence on the development of contemporary European philasaphy.
- human existence is exhibited in care, understood in terms of finite temporality, which ends with death (a possibility that happens: all possibilities are evaluated in this light, when one lives with a resoluteness, which brings unity and wholeness to the scattered self)
Martin Heidegger
