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Life and works of rizal > Philippine Society under Spanish rule > Flashcards

Philippine Society under Spanish rule Flashcards

1
Q

“En cada fraile tenia el rey en Filipinas un capitan
general y un ejercito entero”

A

“In each friar in the Philippines, they had a captain and a whole army” -Mexican Viceroy

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2
Q

With _______________, the people lost the freedom they enjoyed

A

colonization

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3
Q

The situation of the Philippines:

A

la soberania monacal
(monastic supremacy)
or
frailocracia
(friarocracy)

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4
Q

Even ASSIMILATION between the colonizers
and the locals was (quite literally) centered
around ____________

A

religion

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5
Q

The __________ and _________ were ordered to collect all the scattered Filipinos together

A

missionaries and the encomenderos

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6
Q

__________aimed to consolidate colonial control over Philippine indigenous communities by compelling prominent individuals to relocate into poblaciones within hearing distance of church-bells.

A

Reducción (resettlement)

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7
Q

were used to attract the locals

A

Christian rites and rituals

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8
Q

Muslim conflict drama

A

moromoro

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9
Q

By _______________ there are 6,148,250 Christians in the
Philippines

A

1892

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10
Q

kaibigang matalik at tagapayo ni Jose Rizal. Ngunit isa siyáng iginagálang na Alemang iskolar, at kinaibigan ni Rizal dahil eksperto ito sa etnograpiyang Filipino. Marami siyáng nai- sulat hinggil sa Filipinas baga- man hindi kailanman natun- tong ng bansa.

A

Ferdinand Blumentritt

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11
Q

unbaptized are coined as________
and those Muslim faith are _________

A

heathens
Mohammedans

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12
Q

Give an example of external changes in the Philippines under the Spanish Rule

A

Construction of colonial churches and convents made of stone.

The building of private homes of cal y canto (lime and mortar)

water reservoirs (aljibes)

Ethnobotanic specimens like fruits, vegetables, and medicinal herbs.

The geographical records of the Philippines was also improved. (ang mapa mas organized na)

kanggan and bahag (loin
cloth) were transformed into the barong
tagalog or camisa chino and trousers.

baro and saya for women continued to be
worn except that it eventually developed into
the mestizo, dress

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13
Q

kanggan and bahag (loin
cloth) were transformed into ?

A

the barong tagalog or camisa chino and trousers.

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14
Q

baro and saya for women continued to be
worn except that it eventually developed into
the ____________, dress

A

mestizo

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15
Q

Give an example of internal changes in the Philippines under the Spanish Rule. Try to explain each on your own understanding, eme

A

Cultural Exchange

Theocentric literature appeared as soon as the Spaniards settled in the
form of: Awit, Corrido, and Metrical romances (narrative poems)

General art was also propagated with Printmaking and Engraving being a few of what Filipinos were known for

Education

General Literacy + Religious Indoctrination

Language Exhange

Name changes

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16
Q

Though education was not at all accessible until the __________________ - even still, it was difficult for Filipinos to get an
education

A

educational decree of 1863

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17
Q

Access to education by the Filipinos was later liberalized through the enactment of the _________________________ which provided for the establishment of at least one primary school for boys and girls in each town under the responsibility of the municipal government; and the establishment of a normal school for male teachers under the supervision of the Jesuits

A

Educational Decree of 1863

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18
Q

who said this

“The cause of our backwardness and ignorance is the lack of means of education, the vice that afflicts us from the beginning until the end of our careers.”

A

-Rizal

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19
Q

has long proved to be, on the whole, by much the most cheap and efficacious instrument of good government and order—even the common

A

Church

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20
Q

Who said this

and I have always observed that the Manila men serving on board ships
and forming their crew have been much often able to subscribe their
names to the ship’s articles than the British seamen on board the same
vessels could do.”

A

Blumentritt, 1896

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21
Q

“Wingfield came across a Dominican
missionary who apologized for his bad
Spanish, on the ground that having lived
continuously for eighteen years with the
natives, speaking Visaya the whole time, he
had almost forgotten his own tongue.”

A

-The Friars of The Philippine

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22
Q

it was already rare to find a Filipino __
“who still knew how to read
them(baybayin), much less write them.
All of them read and write our Castilian
letters now,”

A

Sebastian Totanes in 1745

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23
Q

“The early missionaries in the Philippines as those in Mexico were prone to regard the ancient writings equally with the objects used in such worship as was practiced by the native people as works of the evil one, they ruthlessly destroyed these signs of culture whenever and wherever found.”

Culture Erasure was often deliberate

A

James Robertson

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24
Q

“The early missionaries in the Philippines as those in ____________ were prone to regard the ancient writings equally with the objects used in such worship as was practiced by the native people as works of the evil one, they ruthlessly destroyed these signs of culture whenever and wherever found.”

A

Mexico

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25
Q

Filipinos had to adopt Hispanic names as decreed by

A

Governor Narciso Claveria

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26
Q

Themes of Hispanic names

A

saints
indigenous&chinese patronymics
Flora and Fauna
geographical names
arts

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27
Q

Who is the Spanish Governor General to the Philippines that issued a decree compiling a catalogue of family names for the Filipinos to adopt. Catalogo alfabetico de apellidos

A

Governor Narciso Claveria

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28
Q

Catalogo alfabetico de apellidos

A

Del Pilar
Luna
Rizal
Mabini
Malantic
Panganiban
Utut
Ung-goy
Casillas

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29
Q

Only regular fleet service in the Pacific Ocean for 250 years.

Two vessels one outgoing, one incoming

Took around 200 days for its trips

A

The Acapulco Galleon

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30
Q

Economic and Political Matters in the Philippines under the Spanish rule

A

Trade and the Manila- Acapulco Galleon Trade

Encomienda System

Polo

Taxation without Representation

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31
Q

The Acapulco Galleon’s intercultural exchanges results to:

A

Connections between other countries were strenghtened

Americas - Virgin of Antipolo, patroness of sailors

China - Manton de Manila

Plenty of valuable Fauna and Flora was also acquired here

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32
Q

meaning of encomendar

A

“to entrust”

33
Q

An _______________(1) is entrusted to take care of __________(2) in a territory.

A
  1. “encomendero”
  2. “souls”
34
Q

They are given control over areas of land and the indigenous people on said land.

A

Encomendero

35
Q

Revenue

A

-getting Hispanic institution

36
Q

What is a Hispanic-Serving Institution?

A

Hispanic-Serving Institutions (HSIs) are defined in Title V of the Higher Education Act as not-for-profit institutions of higher learning with a full-time equivalent (FTE) undergraduate student enrollment that is at least 25 percent Hispanic.

37
Q

It is (roughly translated: trustee) was a formal system of forced labor in Spanish colonies in Latin America and the Philippines, intended to encourage conquest and colonization. Under this system, leaders of the indigenous community paid tribute to colonists with food, cloth, minerals, or by providing laborers.

A

Encomienda System

38
Q

Two kinds of encomiendas
existed in the Philippines

A
  1. The royal or crown
    (realenga or encomienda de la real corona)
  2. The private (encomienda de particulares)
39
Q

These encomiendas were directly controlled and owned by the Spanish crown or the monarchy.

A
  1. The royal or crown
    (realenga or encomienda de la real corona)
40
Q

private encomiendas were granted to private individuals or entities, such as Spanish settlers, conquistadors, or other colonial officials

A
  1. The private (encomienda de particulares)
41
Q

Filipinos who actually ended up being Encomiendas

A

Francisco Liwag
55 tributes

Juan de Macapagal
300 tributes

42
Q

A Filipino who actually ended up being Encomiendas that has 55 tributes

A

Francisco Liwag

43
Q

A Filipino who actually ended up being Encomiendas that has 300 tributes

A

Juan de Macapagal

44
Q

Drafted laborers (polistas) were either Filipino or Chinese male mestizos ranging from 16 to 60 years old, who were obligated to give personal service to community projects.
forty days of labor OR payment of “falla”

A

Polo

45
Q

What is Polo?

A

all male Filipinos from 16 to 60 years old were forced to work for the government for a few weeks a year. This forced labor was called polo. At first they lasted for 40 days. But in 1884, it was reduced to 15 days.

46
Q

How are Filipinos exempted from polo during Spanish time?

A

One could be exempted from polo by paying the falla daily. The Falla was to be paid daily at a rate of 1 1/2 real

47
Q

What is the meaning of Falla in Philippine history?

A

Falla-a fee given to Spaniards to become excepted in rendering labor force. falla in english is Failure

48
Q

Why the Encomienda system was damaging:

A

*Raising rate of tribute for profit
*Artificial inflation through hoarding staple items like rice and clothing materials to sell all at higher rates
*No set collection, so Encomenderos collected based on scarcity
*Many Filipinos died of starvation
*Resistance was met with public flogging, torture, and jail time.

49
Q

Why the Polo system was damaging:

A

*Labor drafts coincided with planting and harvesting seasons
*Forced separation from family
*Relocation to places, sometimes outside the Philippines
*Decimation of male population

50
Q

Those who escaped from the oppressive taxation were regarded by Spaniards as

A

“lawless” remontados or tulisanes (bandits)

51
Q

Why the Galleon was damaging:

A

*Neglect of native industries like agriculture
*Crafting industries related to local culture was ruined and disregarded
*Mostly benefitted privileged Spaniards (Spanish Governor, consulado, insulares, spanish residents)
*Money which could have been used for development and welfare was funneled back into galleon trade
* Most of the Filipino involvement was mostly in construction of galleons and other labor work

52
Q

meaning of insulares

A

Insulares was the specific term given to criollos (full-blooded Spaniards born in the colonies) born in the Philippines or the Marianas. Insulares were part of the second highest racial class in Spanish hierarchy below the peninsulares, or full-blooded Spaniards born in Europe

53
Q

generating mechanisms were introduced by the Spanish colonial government in the Philippine

A

income

54
Q

Income generating mechanisms were introduced by the Spanish colonial government in the Philippines consists of:

A

direct (personal tribute and income tax)

indirect (customs duties and the bandala) taxes

monopolies (spirituous liquors & special crops)

55
Q

buwis (tribute) may be paid in cash or kind, partly or wholly as the following:

A

palay
tobacco
chickens
textiles
wax
gold
blankets
cotton
rice
bells
other regional produce

56
Q

The Falla was to be paid daily at a rate of?

A

1, 1/2 real

57
Q

Considering 1 real = 12 1/2 centavos, the Filipinos were required to pay the following taxes and other impositions

A

tribute = 10 reales
diezmos prediales (tithes) = 1 real
town community chest = 1 real
Sanctorum tax for church = 3 real
A total of 15 reales!

58
Q

A special tax of 1/2 real or rice was collected to?

A

to crush Moro raids and to equip Vintas to protect coastal areas

59
Q

Tax exemptions

A

Chiefly class which aided in the pacification campaigns

Laborers of the arsenal and artillery yard of Cavite

Filipinos with medical experience

Vaccinators and College students of certain universities

60
Q

The Tribute was replaced by the _______, a personal identity paper

A

Cedula

61
Q

Everyone, from Filipinos to other nationalities over the age of 18 were required to have one.

A

Cedula

62
Q

The Cedula during the Spanish colonial period was an identification card and residence tax certificate that had to be carried at all times. A person who could not present his or her cedula could be arrested and imprisoned by the Guardia Civil.

A

Facts onli, lezzgaur

63
Q

what makes the ripping of Cedula so significant during the Philippine Revolution

A

Bonifacio’s tearing of the cedula, which set off the fires of the Revolution, was dictated by circumstances prevailing during his time. He and his handful of gallant men had to do it, for the cedula symbolized the social and economic enslavement of our people at the time.

https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1962/08/26/address-of-president-macapagal-at-the-ceremony-for-the-laying-of-cornerstone-of-new-balintawak-monument/

64
Q

a physical gesture of their defiance to the Spanish government.

A

ripping of Cedula

65
Q

Social Hierarchy and Class Structure

A
  • Spanish colonial social hierarchy
  • Role of the Catholic Church in social structure
  • Life for different social classes
66
Q

Social Classes

A

Peninsulares- Full- blooded Spanish living in the Philippines and born in Spain.

Insulares- Full-blooded Spanish living in the Philippines and born in the Philippines.

Spanish Mestizos- people with mixed racial origins and economically sufficient.

Prinicipalia- Social and educated class in the towns of colonial Philippines composed of the Gobernadorcillo(Town Mayor), or the Cabeza de Barangay
(Chief of the Barangay) who governed the districts and the awardees of themedal of Civil Merit.

Chinese Mestizos- people with mixed racial origins and economically sufficient.

Chinese

Indios- Native/Full- blooded Filipinos

67
Q

it was when the Philippines was a captaincy-general administered by the Spanish king through the viceroyalty of Nueva España (Mexico)

A

From 1565 to 1821

68
Q

Real y Supremo Consejo de las Indias
(Royal and Supreme Council of the
Indies) established in? by?

A

in 1524 by Charles V

69
Q

published in Madrid in 1681, is a four-volume collection of laws relating to the Indies.

A

Recopilaciốn de leyes de los reynos de
las Indias.

70
Q

was the source of civil power for the various levels of administration.
His salary amounted to P40,000 per annum, but some unscrupulous and enterprising among them, augmented it by receiving bribes and “gifts”.

A

The governor-general

71
Q

who could only be an alcalde mayor?

A

Only Spaniard

72
Q

Only a Spaniard could be an alcalde mayor or a corregidor. He exercised multiple prerogatives as

A

judge,
inspector of en- comiendas,
chief of police,
tribute collector, and
even vice-regal patron and
captain-general of the province.

73
Q

The governor-general salary is

A

40 000 pesos per year

74
Q

The annual salary of an alcalde mayor

A

before 1844 ranged from P300 to P2,000,

after 1847, from P1,600 to P1,500,
according to class.

In 1840, it was reported that some of the
alcaldes mayores’ positions were valued at
P50,000 per annum.

75
Q

Who could be a gobernadorcillo?

A

Any Filipino or Chinese mestizo,
25 years old, literate in oral or
written Spanish, and who had
been a cabeza de barangay
(barrio adminis trator) for four
years, could be a gobernadorcillo

76
Q

I. Impact on Philippine Society

A

Reduccion (resettlement) altered
where and how the locals lived

Most of the Filipinos became
Christians
The culture became more Hispanic, with some traditions being forgotten in favor of Christian doctrine

77
Q

II. Economic Exploitation

A

The Manila-Acapulco Galleon
Trade, Encomienda system, and
Polo system were heavily
intertwined with one another. It
brought profits to the country, but
the money did not go into Filipino
welfare. During this capitalist
endeavor, many Filipinos suffered.

78
Q

III. Social Hierarchy and Class Structure

A

Most of the Filipinos were at the
bottom of the Social Hierarchy
despite being the Natives of the
land. This caused them to be prone
to abuse and a lack of privileges
(e.g. education)

Only a few higher positions can be
attained by a Filipino and it is still
very rarely the case

Life and works of rizal (1 decks)

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