PHIL11-13 Flashcards
AI and DS do what with information?
Collect, store, disseminate and process
What can be a consequence of surveillance?
Might have a moderation effect on behavior
What is privacy?
Questions on how to govern flow of information: who may have it, what can they do with it?
What is Informational privacy
Individuals ability to control and limit extent to which and the way in which their information is x
Threatened when they have inadequate knowledge or insufficient influence over amount or nature of information
What is decisional privacy?
Individuals ability to make decisions on their own without interference or surveillance.
Threatened when: others are able to influence their decisions or simply take inappropriate levels of interest in those decisions
What is local privacy?
Ability to be alone and have a space where we can be “ourselves”
Threatened when: Lack of control over one’s own environment, or lack of anonymity
What types of privacy are there?
Decisional privacy
Local privacy
Informational privacy
Why is privacy important?
Instrumental importance: Helps us achieve other values like autonomy and security
Intrinsic importantie: it is a value in itself like physical security
Threats to privacy
Data leaks, tracking personalization
What is tracking and why is it a threat
Systematically collecting information about a user
Informational threat, user might behave differently if they suspect tracking, decisional threat, follows users through digital space threat to local privacy (never “truly” alone and free to be themselves)
What is personalization and why is it a threat?
Practice of adapting system or interface to users choices, interests and features
Requires detailed knowledge of user, acquisition of this threatens informational privacy. Used to influence actions threats decisional privacy. If the environment becomes too personalized users are prevented from experiencing something new and foreign - limits extent to be themselves threat to local privacy
Problem with privacy threats
It might halve good reasons and good outcomes for individual, others. So the question is: How much privacy should we be willing to give up
— value conflict
What is notice & consent
To resolve value conflicts you can ask individuals to resolve it themselves. Empowers individual to make informed choices on their information.
Notice: Given adequate explanation about which and how much information would be x
Consent: Individuals must approve this as described
Problems with notice
Privacy policies are often too long and complex, frequently changed
Problems with consent
“Take it or leave it”, opt out is not the same as free choice. Users tend to go for minimal effort, agreeing to a policy they have not read.
What is the transparancy paradox?
If the policy is simple enough to be understood by a layperson, it will not truthfully represent x.
What is a contextual approach ?
Mistake that we assume the problem of ensuring privacy in AI and DS is completely new and different.
Norms and regulations already exist to ensure privacy within many different contexts (Patient rights, freedom of information and research)
What does Nissenbaum think on Notice and Consent?
Norms and regulations that are designed to ensure privacy in specific contexts should continue to do so even if technologies are new.
If necessary these norms and regulations should be adapted to include new types of information but as a default this information should be considered just as worthy of protection as other information.