phi3 d2 Flashcards
What is cultural relativism, and how does it differ from objectivism about morality?
Cultural relativism holds that moral truths depend on cultural norms, while objectivism asserts that moral truths are universal and independent of cultural beliefs.
Explain the cultural difference argument.
The cultural difference argument claims that since cultures differ in their moral beliefs, no objective moral truth exists, and morality is culturally defined.
Explain one critique Rachels raises about the cultural difference argument.
Rachels argues that disagreement about morality doesn’t prove there is no objective truth, just as disagreement about facts doesn’t negate objective reality.
Define validity.
Validity means an argument is structured so that if the premises are true, the conclusion must also be true.
Define soundness.
Soundness is when an argument is both valid and has all true premises.
What does Rachels think we can learn from cultural relativism?
Rachels believes it teaches us to be open-minded and avoid ethnocentric biases.
What are the key differences between self-interested reasons and moral reasons?
Self-interested reasons focus on personal benefit, while moral reasons prioritize principles of right and wrong or others’ well-being.
According to Mozi, why do people act morally? What kind of reason is this?
People act morally because it benefits society; this is a pragmatic reason based on utility.
What is Glaucon’s challenge to Socrates in the Republic? How does this relate to Mozi’s argument?
Glaucon challenges Socrates to prove that justice is valuable for its own sake, which contrasts with Mozi’s focus on the practical benefits of morality.
What is the difference between intrinsic and instrumental goods?
Intrinsic goods are valued for their own sake, while instrumental goods are valued as a means to an end.
Explain the purpose of the Ring of Gyges example.
The Ring of Gyges questions whether people value justice intrinsically or only for its rewards by imagining actions without consequences.
According to Mengzi (Mencius), are people inherently good (have innate virtue) or does acting morally require acting against human nature?
Mengzi argues people are inherently good, citing natural compassion, like saving a child in danger, as evidence.
How is morality cultivated or harmed, according to Mengzi?
Morality is cultivated through education and practice and harmed by neglect or negative influences.
Why do people prefer the social virtues (things that benefit society), according to Hume?
Hume argues social virtues are valued because they promote societal harmony and utility, such as justice ensuring stability.
Explain one critique Annas offers of the technical manual model of ethics (grounded in a theory of right action).
Annas critiques that it reduces morality to rule-following, ignoring the importance of moral growth and practical wisdom.
