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Ethics study guide > PHI 112: Test 2 Study Guide > Flashcards

PHI 112: Test 2 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Know the difference between ethical situationalism and ethical relativism.

A

Ethical Situationalism - Objective moral principles are to be applied differently in different contexts.

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2
Q

Intrinsic goods

A

good because of their nature and not derived from other goods

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3
Q

Instrumental goods

A

They are effective means of attaining our Intrinsic goods.

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4
Q

Define Sensualism

A

The view that equates all pleasure with sensual enjoyment

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5
Q

Define Satisfactionalism

A

The view that equates all pleasure with satisfaction or enjoyment.

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6
Q

Who was Plato?

A

Taught that the good was the highest form, ineffable, godlike, independent, and knowable only after a protracted education in philosophy.

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7
Q

Who was G.E. Moore?

A

Claims that good is a simple, unanalyzable quality, such as the color yellow, but one that must be known through intuition

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8
Q

Define Weaker Objectivism

A

Treat values as emergent properties, or qualities in the nature of things.

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9
Q

Who was Ralph Barton Perry?

A

An American pragmatist who states that value is simply the object of interest.

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10
Q

Know the Objectivist response

A

Responds that we can separate the Good from what one desires.

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11
Q

What is the main question to answer about relation of value to morality?

A

How are these forms of life justified?

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12
Q

Define Objectivists

A

Societies norms

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13
Q

Define Subjectivists

A

The individual’s norms.

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14
Q

What is the combination view?

A

The combination view incorprates both aspects of objectivism and subjectivism views.

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15
Q

Explain action in the happy life

A

We want to feel accomplished to do something, not have anything handed down to us.

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16
Q

Explain freedom in the happy life

A

We not only want to do things, but we also want to make our own choices.

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17
Q

Explain character in the happy life

A

We want to be someone

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18
Q

Explain relationships in the happy life

A

We want to love and be loved by real people, not phantasms.

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19
Q

How did people characterize Jeremy Bentham’s formulation of Utilitarianism in a negative way?

A

They referred to it as a “Pig philosophy.”

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20
Q

Problems with Bentham’s theory

A

Too simplistic and too complex.

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21
Q

Problems with act utilitarianism

A

Can’t do the necessary calculations to determine the correct act

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22
Q

Act-utilitarianism

A

Act is right if it promotes the greatest good

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23
Q

Problems with act-utilitarianism

A

Can’t do the necessary calculations to determine the correct act

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24
Q

Rule-utilitarianism

A

Act is right if required by a rule, greater utility for society

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25
Q

Mills popular saying

A

“Better Socrates dissatisfied than a pig satisfied.”

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26
Q

Pluralistic (Complementarity) Ethics - definition

A

Blend of both action-based and virtue-based ethic

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27
Q

Criticisms of ends justifying immoral means

A

You can justify any “means” (dismissing integrity, honesty, justice, etc. for the “end” (greatest good for greatest amount).

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28
Q

Did Kant want to show rationalist or empiricists that morality was necessary?

A

Empiricists

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29
Q

What saying can act-intuitionism be compared to?

A

“Let your conscience be your guide.”

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30
Q

Categorical imperatives call one to fulfill the duty that has…

A

Intrinsic value

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31
Q

Hypothetical imperatives give one the opportunity to

A

Do the act that benefits one self

32
Q

Categorical imperatives call one to fulfill the duty that has…

A

Intrinsic value (“duty for duty’s sake”)

33
Q

Karts influences Pietism-Rosseau-Rationalism-

A

Pietism: Honest deep feeling moral life Rosseau: Human freedoms dignity worth Rationalism: Reason tells us how the world is, independent of experience

34
Q

Even though Kant believes the good will is good without qualification, it can still be put to…

A

bad use.

35
Q

Psychological egoism

A

We always do the act we perceive to be in our own self interest. (We do not have a choice.)

36
Q

Ethical egoism

A

Everyone ought to do those acts that best serve his or her own self interest

37
Q

Criticism of the argument from satisfaction

A

it confuses the consequence of an act with the purpose of an act

38
Q

Paradox of hedonism

A

The only way to get happiness is to forget it!

39
Q

Argument from self-deception

A

We may think we do things for others, but, if we look deep enough, we are deceiving ourselves. We are always selfish.

40
Q

Altruism

A

putting other’s interests before your own, contrasted with egoism

41
Q

Criticism of Hobbes

A

Rests too heavily on psychological egoism

42
Q

According to Hobbes, what gets us into chaos? What gets us out?

A

Selfishness forces us into chaos, but selfishness forces us to solve problems through mutually agreed-upon moral codes

43
Q

Criticisms against ethical egoism:Inconsistent outcomes

A

I must desire that I defeat others and they defeat me.

44
Q

Criticisms against ethical egoism: Publicity argument

A

Can’t advertise without harming your own “self-interest project”

45
Q

Paradox of ethical egoism

A

In order to reach the goal of ethical egoism, one must give up ethical egoism and become an altruist.

46
Q

Criticisms against ethical egoism: Argument of counterintuitive consequences

A

Helping others at one’s own expense is morally wrong

47
Q

Criticisms against ethical egoism: Problems for future generations

A

No obligation to preserve future resources for future generations

48
Q

Sociobiology

A

Social structures and behavioral patterns are biologically based and explained by evolutionary theory.

49
Q

Eudiaminstic utilitarianism

A

Higher order pleasures - intellectual social

50
Q

Hedonic calculus

A

A scheme created to figure out the best course of action (based on pleasure units, called “hedons”).

51
Q

Eudiaminstic utilitarianism

A

Happiness consist of higher order pleasures, for example, intellectual, social

52
Q

What is both a strength and weakness of utilitarianism?

A

It’s simplicity

53
Q

Whose system of utilitarianism was considered too simple and too complex - Bentham or Mill?

A

Bentham

54
Q

Natural Law Theory

A

through rational intuitions embedded in human nature by God, we discover eternal and absolute moral principles

55
Q

Empiricism

A

The belief that knowledge comes from experience; our minds are empty slates (tabula rasa)upon which experience writes lessons

56
Q

Intuitionism

A

Humans have natural faculty that gives us an intuitive awareness of morality

57
Q

Act-intuitionism

A

Theory we must consult our moral intuition or conscience in every situation to discover the morally right thing to do (Butler)

58
Q

Common statement associated with Butler

A

“Let your conscience be your guide”

59
Q

Rule-intuitionism

A

We must decide what is right or wrong in each situation by consulting moral rules that we receive through intuition

60
Q

Pufendorf’s three duties and Kant’s use of them

A

Pufendorf: duty to self, others, and God; Kant: moral duty to self and others, but duties to God are religious, not moral

61
Q

Categorical imperative

A

This is a moral imperative that is unqualified and does not depend on one’s desires, it is doing one’s duty for duty’s sake. The action is done because it has intrinsic value.

62
Q

The good will

A

the only thing absolutely good without qualification

63
Q

The principle of law of nature

A

“Act as though the maxim of your action were by your will to become a universal law of nature.”

64
Q

Remember these two of the four examples of “practical contradiction” Kant gives to back up his theory.

A

Making a lying promise and committing suicide.

65
Q

Remember this counterexample to the Principle of Law of Nature:

A

Prohibiting permissible actions, like flushing the toilet everyday at a certain time as long as it does not effect the plumbing system.

66
Q

Prima facie duties

A

(“at first glance”) Duty that is tentatively binding on us until this duty conflicts with another (Ross)

67
Q

Actual duty

A

Ross argued this is the stronger of two conflicting duties (it overrides the weaker one in conflict).

68
Q

How does Ross’ “prima facie duties” and “actual duties” transform the Kantian system of ethics?

A

It transforms Kant’s absolutism into a modest objectivist system. (Kant would not allow this.)

69
Q

Virtue theory

A

View that morality involves producing excellent persons who act well out of spontaneous goodness and serve as examples to inspire others

70
Q

Virtue

A

Trained behavioral dispositions that result in habitual acts of moral goodness

71
Q

Cardinal virtues

A

Wisdom, temperance, courage, and justice

72
Q

Theological virtues

A

Faith, hope, and charity (love)

73
Q

Action-based ethics criticism:1.: Motivation

A

Uninspiring and negative; Most of the commandments are negative - “Thou shall not ____!”

74
Q

Action-based ethics criticism:5.: Autonomy over Community

A

It is in communities that such virtues as loyalty, natural affection, spontaneous sympathy, and shared concerns arise and sustain the group.

75
Q

Action-based ethics criticism:5.: Autonomy over Community

A

It is in communities that such virtues as loyalty, natural affection, spontaneous sympathy, and shared concerns arise and sustain the group.

76
Q

An important difference between Pluralistic (complementarity) ethics versus action-based ethics

A

Pluralistic (complementarity) ethics says it is better to desire to do the right thing and carry it out, than to do the right thing, yet have mixed emotions (action-based ethics).

77
Q

What are the three formulations of the Categorical Imperative?

A

The principle of the law of nature, the principle of ends, and the principle of autonomy.

Ethics study guide (1 decks)

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