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PHI 1100 > PHI 1100 - Quiz 1 > Flashcards

PHI 1100 - Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

From which 2 Greek words is “philosophy” from?

A

Philein (to love)
Sophia (wisdom)

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2
Q

Working definition of “philosophy”

A

Careful reflection of our fundamental beliefs

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3
Q

Thales of Miletus

A

Considered first philosopher
Reached conclusion through logic
Wondered “what is the stuff that made the world?”

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4
Q

Epistemology

A

Study of knowledge
When are we justified in believing something?

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5
Q

Ontology

A

Study of existence
Does God exist?

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6
Q

Axiology

A

Study of values - anesthetics, political philosophy, ethics

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7
Q

3 branches of philosophy

A

Epistemology, ontology, axiology

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8
Q

Logic

A

Study of stuff we use to evaluate arguments

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9
Q

Argument

A

A set of statements where one statement is supported by the others

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10
Q

Premise

A

Evidence or supporting statement

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11
Q

Conclusion

A

Main statement of the argument and supported by the other statements

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12
Q

Inference

A

Process or how we start with our premises to get to our conclusion

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13
Q

Why is being logical not the same as being devoid of emotions?

A

Logic is used to balance the emotions in an unbiased way

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14
Q

Thought-experiment

A

Hypothetical situation that provides insights into a philosophical issue

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15
Q

Descartes’ Evil Demon thought-experiment

A

An all-powerful evil demon can deceive him about everything he knows. But he can only be deceived if he can think and believe. So he will still know that he exists as a thinking thing. So he says “I think, therefore I am!”

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16
Q

Why is “that can’t happen irl” a bad criticism?

A

A well-constructed thought-experiment can show what we believe about a certain philosophical issue even if it cannot actually happen

17
Q

Bertrand Russell’s value in philosophy

A

It prevents us from accepting the beliefs around us as true without good reasoning.

18
Q

Lewis Vaughn: When are our beliefs not actually ours?

A

When we get them from our friends, family, community, society, etc.

19
Q

John Taylor: What is the downside of blindly accepting one’s societal moralities?

A

One may struggle to defend their beliefs

20
Q

Descriptive ethics

A

Scientific study of morality - what do people think is right?

21
Q

Normative ethics

A

Ethical norms - which one is most justified?

22
Q

Metaethics

A

Abstract ethics - what is “good” and “bad”?

23
Q

Applied Ethics

A

Applying ethical norms in specific cases

24
Q

Intrinsic value

A

The thing itself is valuable, such as happiness

25
Q

Extrinsic value

A

The thing is valuable because of the consequences associated with it, such as preventive care

26
Q

Principle of Universalizability

A

If a principle applies to a situation, then it should apply to all relevantly similar situations

27
Q

Principle of Impartiality

A

Principles should be unbiased, such as the Golden Rule

28
Q

Lewis Vaughn: Why do religious individuals need moral reasoning?

A

Moral reasoning is needed to interpret the moral codes based on religion

29
Q

Dilemma concerning Divine Command Theory

A

If it is morally right because God said so, then anything He says is right. If God said so because it is right, then He didn’t make those standards, they exist independently.

30
Q

Arbitrariness Argument against DCT

A

If something is right because God said so, then any arbitrary thing He commands is right, even killing innocents.

31
Q

Objectivism

A

Moral truths exist independent of what societies and individuals think

32
Q

Cultural relativism

A

An act is morally right if accepted by the doer’s culture

33
Q

Subjective relativism

A

An act is morally right if one approves

34
Q

Emotivism

A

Moral utterances are neither true nor false ; they are expressions of emotions

35
Q

Absolutism

A

Principles are rigid rules with no exceptions

36
Q

Moral infallibility

A

That we cannot be wrong in our moral opinions if we sincerely believe

37
Q

Argument for cultural relativism

A

Right and wrong are relative to culture because people’s opinion on right and wrong differ by culture, which means that objective moral principles don’t exist

38
Q

Lewis Vaughn: Why can’t cultural relativists consistently advocate for tolerance?

A

Because tolerance is an objective moral value, which cannot exist under the idea of cultural relativism

39
Q

Implication of cultural relativism regarding social reformers

A

Under cultural relativism, social reformers will always be morally wrong

PHI 1100 (1 decks)

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