Phenomenology Flashcards
What are hallucinations?
Perceptions occurring in the absence of an external physical stimulus
What are over-valued ideas?
False or exaggerated belief sustained beyond logic or reason but w less rigidity than a delusion
What are delusions
False, unshakeable idea or belief, not in keeping w pts educational, cultural and social background.
What are delusional perceptions?
Delusional belief resulting from a real perception e.g. traffic light turning red may be interpreted as the defining moment they realised they were being followed by MI5
What are hypnopompic/hypnagogic hallucinations?
sensations as you’re falling asleep/waking up, these are common
What are reflex hallucinations?
having an input in one modality and an experience in a different modality e.g. when you write I can hear your pen pressing on my heart
What are extracampine hallucinations?
a hallucination that can’t possibly be experienced, they are outside the limit of sensory apparatus
What are the different type of auditory hallucinations?
- 2nd person - direct to the person experiencing them e.g. YOU are a bad person, YOU are the next messiah
- 3rd person - running commentary, voices discussing/commenting
What are persecutory delusions?
believe they’re being persecuted, mistreated
What are grandiose delusions?
over inflated sense of worth, power, knowledge or identity, may believe they have a great talent or made an important discovery
What are self-referential delusions?
individual’s experiencing innocuous events or mere coincidences and believing they have strong personal significance
What are nihilistic delusions?
delusion that things do not exist
What are misidentification delusions? what types are included in this?
misidentify people or a popn as a whole:
- Capgras - someone replaced by an imposter
- fregoli - various people are the same person
- subjective doubles - doppelgänger, someone out there is copying them
What are the different types of thought alienation? explain them
insertion - someone placing thoughts into their head
withdrawal - external agency is taking thoughts from that person
broadcast - thinks everyone can hear their thoughts
echo - hears their thoughts spoken aloud either simultaneously or a moment after
block - sudden interruption to the train of thought leaving a blank
What is concrete thinking?
lack of abstract thinking, literal thinking of the physical world
When is concrete thinking normal?
in childhood
In what conditions can concrete thinking be observed?
ASD
schizophrenia (psychosis)
What is loosening of association?
lack of association between succeeding thoughts, giving rise to incoherent speech
What is circumstantiality?
Irrelevant wandering in conversation, talking at great length around the point
What is perseveration
Repetition of a word, theme or action beyond it being appropriate (assoc w organic/frontal disorder)
What is confabulation?
Misinterpreted memories about oneself or the world, without the conscious intention to deceive.
When are confabulations commonly seen?
alcoholics (korsakovs, retrograde amnesia, apathy etc)
What is somatic passivity?
Delusional belief that one is a passive recipient of bodily sensations from an external agency
Explain made - act/feeling/drive
made feeling - pt has experiences that aren’t their own, been imposed upon them
made act - pt feels their action and will to be under control of an outside force
made drive - pt experiences and acts upon a compelling impulse which they believe is not their own
What is stupor?
Complete loss of activity w no response to stimuli
What is psychomotor retardation?
slowing of thoughts and movements
When is psychomotor retardation seen?
depression
psychotropics
Parkinson’s
What is flight of ideas?
increased volume of speech, rapid skipping from one thought to distantly related ideas
What is pressure of speech
v rapid rate of delivery, talking about lots of things, don’t have to be connected, highly suggestive of mania, can be too fast or erratic to understand
What is the difference between anhedonia and apathy?
anhedonia - Inability to experience pleasure from activities they previously found enjoyable
apathy - loss of interest in general
What is incongruity of affect?
Emotional responses which are not appropriate for the situation
What is blunting of affect?
Absence of normal emotional responses, without evidence of depression or psychomotor retardation
What is la belle indifference?
A condition in which the person is unconcerned with symptoms caused by a conversion disorder
What is depersonalisation?
When somebody loses the experience of themselves, feels like an apathetic spectator of their own activities
What is derealisation?
Person feels like they are real but that the world is not (as if ur looking at urself from above or outside)
What is dissociation?
Feel mentally detached from their surroundings e.g. like in a wardrobe
What is conversion?
Neurological symptoms that cannot be explained by medical evaluation but relate back to a psychological trigger
What are mannerisms?
habitual gesture of language or behaviour
What is stereotyped behaviour?
uniform, repetitive non-goal directed actions
What are obsessions?
recurrent persistent thought, image or impulse that enters consciousness unbidden, is their own thoughts
What are compulsions?
the actual repetitive behaviour due to obsessions
What is akathisia?
motor restlessness, ranging from anxiety to inability to lie or sit quietly
What is projection?
mechanism in which what is emotionally unacceptable in the self is unconsciously rejected and attributed to others e.g. someone who is rude may accuse others of being rude
A defense mechanism people subconsciously employ in order to cope with difficult feelings or emotions
What is transference?
unconscious redirection of the feelings a person has about a second person to feelings the first person has about a third person e.g. client to a therapist
What are illusions?
Misperception of a real stimuli
What is stupor?
loss of activity w no response to stimuli, may mark a progression of motor retardation
What are the types of catatonia? give features
excited - bizarre, non-goal directed hyperactivity and impulsiveness
or
inhibited - stupor, waxy flexibility, rigidity, posturing
