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PHEBP Glossary > PHEBP glossary > Flashcards

PHEBP glossary Flashcards

1
Q

What is Bias?

A

A systematic error. Bias can occur in the study design (allocation, selection) and during study measurements (random error, observer bias, information bias, recall bias, response bias).\

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2
Q

What is a Case?

A

An individual in a population or study who has or develops the health outcome of interest.\

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3
Q

What is a Causal Factor?

A

A risk factor that has an established causal association with a disease, often determined using the Bradford-Hill criteria.\

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4
Q

What is a Confounder?

A

A factor associated with both the exposure of interest and the health outcome, which can be accounted for by methods such as adjustment, matching, and stratification.\

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5
Q

What is a Control (Group)?

A

A comparison group in a study, which could vary based on study type: unexposed in cohort studies, without the disease in case-control studies, or not receiving the intervention in experimental studies.\

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6
Q

What does Exposed mean?

A

A group of individuals who have been exposed to a potential risk factor for a disease or condition of interest.\

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7
Q

What is an Outcome?

A

A result, often undesirable, that may stem from exposure to a causal factor, or from preventive or therapeutic interventions.\

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8
Q

What is a Risk Factor?

A

Any attribute, characteristic, or exposure associated with a higher likelihood of developing a disease or other health-related outcome. Risk factors can be modifiable or non-modifiable.\

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9
Q

What is a Variable?

A

Any characteristic of an individual that can be measured or reported.\

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10
Q

What is an Analytical Study?

A

A study designed to test a hypothesis, often examining whether a certain exposure is a risk factor for a particular disease.\

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11
Q

What is a Case-Control Study?

A

An observational study comparing individuals with a particular illness (cases) to those without (controls) to assess exposure levels and calculate an Odds Ratio.\

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12
Q

What is a Cohort Study?

A

An observational study where a population is followed over time to compare the incidence of disease in exposed vs. non-exposed individuals, typically done prospectively.\

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13
Q

What is a Cross-Sectional Study?

A

An observational study measuring risk factors and health outcomes simultaneously at a single point in time.\

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14
Q

What is a Descriptive Study?

A

A study designed to describe the distribution of variables in a population without testing causal hypotheses.\

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15
Q

What is an Ecological Study?

A

An observational study where the units of analysis are populations or groups rather than individuals, often subject to ecological bias.\

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16
Q

What is an Intervention Study?

A

A study testing a hypothesis where participants are assigned to intervention and control groups, commonly using randomized controlled trials (RCTs).\

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17
Q

What is an Observational Study?

A

A type of study where the investigator observes without intervening. If testing a hypothesis, it is an analytical study; otherwise, it is descriptive.\

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18
Q

What is Absolute Risk Difference?

A

A measure of the additive effect of an exposure on disease risk, calculated by subtracting the risk in the unexposed group from that in the exposed group.\

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19
Q

What are Cases?

A

The number of individuals in a population with the disease or event of interest, used as the numerator in rate calculations.\

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20
Q

What is Incidence Rate?

A

The number of new cases of a condition occurring within a defined population at risk over a specific time period, expressed as a rate.\

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21
Q

What is Number Needed to Treat (NNT)?

A

The number of patients that need to be treated for one additional patient to have a positive outcome; the inverse of the Absolute Risk Difference.\

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22
Q

What is Prevalence?

A

The proportion of individuals in a defined population who have a disease at a particular point in time or over a specific period.\

23
Q

What is Person-Time?

A

A measurement combining the number of people and time observed, used as a denominator in rate calculations.\

24
Q

What is Rate?

A

The number of cases divided by the population at risk (or person-time), often presented per 1,000 or 100,000 persons per year.\

25
Q

What is Risk (Cumulative Incidence)?

A

The probability of an event occurring within a stated period of time, synonymous with cumulative incidence.\

26
Q

What is Standardised Rate?

A

A rate adjusted for factors like age and sex, weighted according to a standard population distribution, often using direct standardization.\

27
Q

What is Hazard Ratio?

A

A measure of the strength of association between a risk factor or intervention and a health outcome at any point in time, derived from a time-to-event analysis.\

28
Q

What are Odds?

A

A measure of how likely an event is to occur, calculated as the ratio of the number of times the event occurs to the number of times it does not.\

29
Q

What is Odds Ratio?

A

The ratio of the odds of an event occurring in one group to the odds of it occurring in another, often used in case-control studies.\

30
Q

What is Prevalence Ratio?

A

A measure similar to the Relative Risk but based on prevalence rather than incidence.\

31
Q

What is Relative Risk?

A

A measure of the strength of association between a risk factor and a health outcome, calculated by dividing the risk in the exposed group by the risk in the unexposed group.\

32
Q

What is Standardised Mortality Ratio (SMR)?

A

The ratio of observed deaths in a population to the number expected if the population had the same death rates as a standard population, often multiplied by 100.\

33
Q

What is Population Attributable Risk (PAR)?

A

The amount of disease attributable to an exposure in the population, estimating the number of cases that would have been avoided if the risk factor were absent.\

34
Q

What is Population Attributable Risk Fraction (PARF)?

A

The proportion of all cases in the population attributable to a specific exposure, expressed as a percentage.\

35
Q

What are False Negatives?

A

Subjects who test negative but actually have the disease, representing missed cases.\

36
Q

What are False Positives?

A

Subjects who test positive but do not have the disease, representing false alarms.\

37
Q

What is False Positive Rate (FPR)?

A

The proportion of subjects without disease who test positive, equal to 1 minus the specificity.\

38
Q

What is Likelihood Ratio (LR)?

A

A ratio summarizing how much more (or less) likely a test result is in someone with the disease compared to someone without the disease.\

39
Q

What is Negative Predictive Value (NPV)?

A

The proportion of subjects with negative test results who do not have the disease.\

40
Q

What is Odds of Being Affected Given a Positive Result (OAPR)?

A

The ratio of the number of subjects with the disease to those without it among those with positive test results.\

41
Q

What is Positive Predictive Value (PPV)?

A

The proportion of subjects with positive test results who actually have the disease.\

42
Q

What is Sensitivity?

A

The proportion of subjects with the disease who test positive, also known as Detection Rate.\

43
Q

What is Specificity?

A

The proportion of subjects without the disease who test negative.\

44
Q

What are True Negatives?

A

Subjects who correctly test negative as they do not have the disease.\

45
Q

What are True Positives?

A

Subjects who correctly test positive as they have the disease.\

46
Q

What is Confidence Interval?

A

A range of values indicating the precision of a sample estimate, with a 95% CI indicating 95% confidence that the interval contains the true population value.\

47
Q

What is Correlation?

A

A statistical measure of the relationship between two variables, ranging from -1 to 1, with 0 indicating no relationship.\

48
Q

What is Heterogeneity?

A

Greater than expected variability between estimates, often referring to variability in study estimates in a meta-analysis.\

49
Q

What is a Histogram?

A

A graph depicting the frequency distribution of a continuous variable, with no gaps between bars.\

50
Q

What is a Hypothesis Test?

A

A statistical significance test involving a null hypothesis (no difference/association) and an alternative hypothesis, using a p-value to collect evidence against the null hypothesis.\

51
Q

What are Measures of Central Tendency?

A

Summary statistics representing the central value of a dataset, including mean, median, and mode.\

52
Q

What are Measures of Spread?

A

Summary statistics describing the variability of a measurement, including range, interquartile range, and standard deviation.\

53
Q

What is Meta-Analysis?

A

A statistical analysis combining the results of several independent studies examining the same question.\

54
Q

What is Normal Distribution?

A

A continuous probability distribution with a symmetrical bell shape, commonly seen in many datasets.\

PHEBP Glossary (1 decks)

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