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Phd Flashcards

1
Q

Methods of data collection

A

1.Health interview survey
2.Health examination survey
3.Health records survey
4.Questionaire survey: mailed, telephone interviews, face to face interviews
•open ended and closed ended ques
•Likert scale
•Guttman scale

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2
Q

Steps in surveying

A
  1. Establishing the objectives
  2. Designing the investigation
  3. Selecting the sample
  4. Conducting the examinations
  5. Analysing the data
  6. Drawing the conclusions
  7. Publishing the results
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3
Q

Classify basic oral health survey methods

A

•Index and age groups: 5,12,15,35-44,65-74
•pathfinder survey: pilot; comprehensive systematic
•Subgroups
•Number of subjects: urban, rural, total

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4
Q

Classify basic oral health survey methods

A

•Index and age groups: 5,12,15,35-44,65-74
•pathfinder survey: pilot; comprehensive systematic
•Subgroups
•Number of subjects: urban, rural, total

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5
Q

Levels of prevention

A

•Primary:
1)primordial
2) population (mass) strategy
3)High-risk strategy
•Secondary
•Tertiary: 1) Disability limitation
2) Rehabilitation

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6
Q

Changing concepts of public health

A

1) Disease control phase
2) Health promotional phase
3) Social engineering phase
4) Health for all phase

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7
Q

Concepts of causation

A

1) Epidemiological triad: •host
•agent
•environment (1)Internal env; 2)external env: physical, biological, social: social factors, economic factors)
2) Multifactorial causation
3) Natural history of disease: •period of pre-pathogenesis ; • period of pathogenesis
4) Web of causation
5) Risk factors and risk groups
6) Spectrum of disease
7) Iceberg of disease

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8
Q

Types of rehabilitation

A

1) Medical
2) Psychological
3) Vocational
4) Social

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9
Q

Principles of primary health care

A

1) Equitable distribution
2) Community participation
3) Intersectoral coordination (multisectoral approach)
4) Appropriate technology
5) Focus on prevention

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10
Q

Tools of dental public health

A

1) Epidemiology
2) Biostatistics
3) Social sciences
4) Principles of administration
5) Preventive dentistry

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11
Q

Principles of health education

A
  1. Credibility
  2. Interest
  3. Participation
  4. Motivation
  5. Comprehension
  6. Reinforcement
  7. Learning by doing
  8. Known to unknown
  9. Setting an example
  10. Good human relations
  11. Feedback
  12. Community leaders
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12
Q

Stages in adoption of new ideas and practices

A
  1. Stage of unawareness
  2. Stage of awareness
  3. Stage of interest
  4. Stage of evaluation
  5. Stage of trial
  6. Stage of adoption

Pre-contemplation stage
Contemplation stage
Preparation stage
Action stage
Maintenance stage

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13
Q

Aids in health education

A
  1. Auditory aids
  2. Visual aids: a) projected aids
    b) non-projected aids
  3. Combination of audio-visual aids
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14
Q

Methods in health education

A
  1. Individual approach
  2. Group approach: a) chalk and talk(lectures)
    b) symposium
    c) group discussions
    d) panel discussion
    e) workshop
    f) conferences
    g) role playing/ socio drama
    h) demonstration
  3. Mass approach: a) television
    b) radio
    c) documentary films
    d) newspapers/ press
    e) printed material
    f) direct mailing
    g) posters
    h) health museums/ exhibitions
    i) internet
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15
Q

Approaches to achieve health

A
  1. Regulatory or legal approach
  2. Administrative or service approach
  3. Educational approach
  4. Primary health care approach
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16
Q

Objectives of health education

A
  1. Informing people
  2. Motivating people
  3. Guiding into action
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17
Q

Types of evaluation

A
  1. Formative evaluation
    a) Relevance evaluation/needs assessment
    b) Process evaluation
  2. Summative evaluation
    a) Effectiveness evaluation/ outcome evaluation
    b) Impact evaluation
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18
Q

Steps in planning process

A
  1. Identify the problem: •conducting needs assessment •analysis of data
  2. Determining priorities
  3. Development of program, goals, objectives and activities : • outcome objective; • process objective
  4. Resource identification
  5. Identifying constraints
  6. Identify alternative strategies
  7. Develop implementation strategy
  8. Implementation
  9. Monitoring: • input data •process data •output data
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19
Q

Levels of health care in India

A
  1. Primary care
  2. Secondary care
  3. Tertiary care
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20
Q

Health care sectors in India

A
  1. Village level workers: a) Village health guides scheme ; b)local dias ; c) anganwadi workers (ICDS scheme) ; d) accredited social health activist (ASHA)
  2. Sub-centre level
  3. Primary health centre level
  4. Community health centre level
  5. Hospitals: rural; district
  6. Health insurance: a) ESI ; b) CGHS ; c) UHIS
  7. Other agencies: a) defence medical services; b) health care of railway employees
  8. Private sector
  9. Indigenous systems of medicine
  10. Voluntary health agencies (eg: Indian Red cross society)
  11. National health programs in India (eg: dengue control ; AIDS control)
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21
Q

Public health system in India

A
  1. Primary health care :
    a) village level workers
    b) sub-centres
    c) primary health centres:
  2. Hospitals/ health centres
    a) community health centre
    b) rural hospital
    c) district hospital / health centre
    d) specialist hospitals
    e) teaching hospitals
  3. Health insurance schemes
    a) ESI
    b)CGHS
    c) UHIS
  4. Other services: defence services; railway
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22
Q

3 main tiers of health system in India

A
  1. Centre
  2. State
  3. District
23
Q

Methods of waste disposal in dental hospitals

A
  1. Incineration
  2. Chemical disinfection
  3. Wet thermal treatment
  4. Microwave irradiation
  5. Encapsulation
  6. Safe burying
  7. Inertization
24
Q

Classification of dental auxiliaries

A

By WHO (1967):
1. Non-operating auxiliaries
a) clinical
b) laboratory
2. Operating auxiliaries

Revised:
1. Non-operating auxiliaries:
a) dental surgery assistant
b) dental secretary/ receptionist
c) dental laboratory technician
d) dental health educator
2. Operating auxiliaries:
a) school dental nurse
b) dental therapist
c) dental hygienist
d) expanded function dental auxiliaries (EFDA)

25
Q

New dental auxiliaries

A
  1. Dental licentiate
  2. Dental aide
26
Q

Degrees of supervision of dental auxiliaries

A
  1. General
  2. Indirect
  3. Direct
  4. Personal
27
Q

Mechanism of payment for dental care

A
  1. Private fee for service
  2. Post payment plans
  3. Private third-party prepayment plans
    a) commercial insurance companies
    b) non-profits health service corporations : delta dental, blue cross/ blue shield
    c) prepaid group practice
    d) capitation plans
  4. Salary
  5. Public programs
28
Q

Ideal req of a sample

A
  1. Efficiency
  2. Representativeness
  3. Measurability
  4. Size
  5. Coverage
  6. Goal orientation
  7. Feasibility
  8. Economy and cost-efficiency
29
Q

Sampling methods

A
  1. Non-probability sampling
    a) quota
    b) purposive
    c) convenience
  2. Probability sampling
    a) simple random: lottery method; table of random numbers
    b) systematic
    c) stratified : stratified random ; stratified systematic
    d) cluster
  3. Other: a) multiphase ; b) multistage
30
Q

Elements or components of school oral health program

A
  1. Improving school community relations
  2. Conducting dental inspections
  3. Conducting dental health education
  4. Performing specific programs
    a) tooth brushing programs
    b) classroom based fluoride programs : fluoride mouth rinse program; fluoride tablet program
    c) school water fluoridation programs
    d) nutrition as a part of school preventive dentistry programs: mid day meal program of govt of India
    e) sealant placement
    f) science fairs
  5. Referral for dental care: blanket referral
  6. Follow-up
31
Q

Tattletooth philosophy nd goals
(6 elements of effective lesson design)

A
  1. Anticipatory set
  2. Setting the objective
  3. Input modeling
  4. Checking for understanding
  5. Guided practice
  6. Independent practice
32
Q

Membership of Ida

A
  1. Honorary member
  2. Life
  3. Annual
  4. Direct
  5. Student
  6. Affiliate
33
Q

Models of health education

A
  1. Medical model
  2. Motivation model
  3. Social intervention model
34
Q

Principles of epidemiology

A
  1. Exact observation
  2. Correct interpretation
  3. Rational explanation
  4. Scientific construction
35
Q

Aims of epidemiology

A
  1. To describe size and distribution of disease problems in human populations
  2. To identify etiological factors in the pathogenesis of disease
  3. To provide data for planning, implementation, evaluation of health services for the prevention, control and treatment of diseases and for the setting up of priorities among those services.
36
Q

Tools of measurement of epidemiology

A
  1. Rate: a) crude b) specific c) standardised
  2. Ratio
  3. Proportion
37
Q

Factors affecting mortality rate

A
  1. Birth rate
  2. Density of population
  3. Geographical
  4. Season
  5. Epidemic experience
  6. Secular variation
38
Q

Measurement of mortality

A
  1. Crude death rate
  2. Specific death rate
  3. Case fatality rate
  4. Proportional mortality rate
  5. Infant mortality rate
39
Q

Steps of descriptive epidemiology

A
  1. Defining the population to be studied
  2. Defining the disease under study
  3. Describing the disease in terms of
    a) time
    b) place
    c) person
  4. Measurement of the disease
  5. Comparing with known indices
  6. Formulating an etiological hypothesis
40
Q

Steps of case control study

A
  1. Selection of cases and controls
  2. Matching
  3. Measurement of exposure
  4. Analysis and interpretation
41
Q

Elements of cohort study

A
  1. Selection of study subjects
  2. Obtaining data on exposure
  3. Selection of comparison groups
  4. Follow-up
  5. Analysis
42
Q

Factors affecting utilisation of dental services

A
  1. Age
  2. Sex
  3. Education
  4. Socio-economic status
  5. Occupation
  6. Residence
  7. Socio-cultural factors
  8. Organizational factors
  9. Cost of health services
43
Q

Ethical principles

A
  1. To do no harm (non-maleficence)
  2. To do good (beneficence)
  3. Respect for persons
  4. Justice
  5. Veracity or truthfulness
  6. Confidentiality
44
Q

Who agenda

A
  1. Promoting development
  2. Fostering health security
  3. Strengthening health systems
  4. Harnessing research information and evidence
  5. Enhancing partnerships
  6. Improving performance
45
Q

Work of who

A
  1. Acts as directing and coordinating authority on all international health work
  2. Prevention and control of specific diseases
  3. Development of comprehensive health services
  4. Family health
  5. Environmental health
  6. Health statistics
  7. Biomedical research
  8. Health literature and information
  9. Cooperation with other organisations
46
Q

Changing concepts of health

A
  1. Biomedical concept
  2. Ecological concept
  3. Psychological concept
  4. Holistic concept
47
Q

Bias in cohort study

A
  1. Selection bias: a) non-consent
    b) consent
    c) follow up/drop out
    d) selective survival
  2. Information bias: a) diagnostic
    b) Hawthorne effect
  3. Confounding bias
48
Q

RCT (Steps)

A
  1. Drawing up a protocol
  2. Selecting reference and experimental populations
  3. Randomisation
  4. Manipulation or intervention
  5. Follow-up.
  6. Assessment of outcome
49
Q

Uses of epidemiology

A
  1. Community diagnosis
  2. To study historically the rise and fall of disease in a population
  3. Planning and evaluation
  4. Evaluation of individual’s risk and chances
  5. Syndrome identification
  6. Completing the natural history of disease
  7. Searching or causes or risk factors
50
Q

Bias in case control

A
  1. Selection bias:
    a) prevalence-incidence bias
    b) admission rate bias(Berkson’s/ Berksonian bias)
  2. Information bias :
    a) memory or recall bias
    b) telescopic bias
    c) interviewer’s bias/exposure suspicion bias
  3. Bias due to confounding
51
Q

Bias in RCT

A
  1. Bias on the part of participants
  2. Observer bias
  3. Bias in evaluation
52
Q

Types of RCT

A
  1. Clinical trials
  2. Preventive trials
  3. Risk factor trials
  4. Cessation experiments
  5. Trial of etiological agents
  6. Evaluation of health services
  7. Community intervention trials
53
Q

Nalgonda

A
  1. Rapid mixing
  2. Flocculation
  3. Sedimentation
  4. Filtration
54
Q

Consent must be

A
  1. Voluntary
  2. Legally competent
  3. Informed
  4. Comprehending

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