phc 3 - canine vax

Question 1

What does high risk mean? what disease does it refer to?

Answer 1

High risk: A subjective assessment - refers to CDV and CPV (canine distemper and parvo virus) particularly and in instances where these two viruses are considered to exist at high levels in the environment or pups have exposure to dogs who live in contaminated environments. May include situations where vaccine status or disease status of dog populations is unknown.

Question 2

What is core vs non-core vaccines?

Answer 2

• Core vaccine: recommended for all dogs irrespective of lifestyle
  
  • Non-core vaccine: Given selectively based on assessment of risk-to-benefit ratio or risk factors.
    Risk of exposure to disease, geographic environment that dog lives in.

Question 3

What is vaccine efficacy?
What is vaccine effectiveness?

Answer 3

• Vaccine efficacy is assessed during product development - a measure of proportionate reduction of disease in vaccinated groups compared with in unvaccinated groups.
  
  • Vaccine efficacy is needed for purpose of licensing and often done in controlled settings.
  • Vaccine effectiveness is the population impact of the vaccine in the real world - difficult to track, trace and quantify in veterinary medicine - lack of robust monitoring and surveillance systems

Question 4

When do vaccine failures occur?
What are some reasons for vaccine failure?

Answer 4

• Rare but should be expected given that no vaccine achieves 100% effectiveness
  
  • Reasons for failure include
    ○ Failure of the individual to mount an adequate immune response
    ○ Interference of maternal antibodies
    ○ Improper storage or handling of vaccine, or inappropriate administration.
    ○ Waning immunity (patients age)
    ○ Vaccine manufacture errors or expiration of vaccine
    ○ MUST report vaccine failure to the manufacturer

Question 5

What are the 2 types of vaccines that are relevant?

Answer 5

• Attenuated - Modified life, live attenuated, live
  ○ Long duration of immunity, induces both cellular and humoral immunity, certain vaccines may have a transient period of viral shedding of the attenuated virus. Careful storage and admin needed. More likely to prevent both infection and disease.
  § All parvo vaccines
  
  • Inactivated: killed
    Stable products, less immunogenic with shorter duration of immunity than attenuated vaccines, may be more associated with adverse reactions, may not protect against infection but will protect against disease (canine rabies vaccine)

Question 6

What are the core vaccines in a dog?
What route?

Answer 6

Canine Parvo virus
Canine Adenovirus
Canine distemper virus
(USUALLY IN A 3-1)
Given SQ

Rabies

Question 7

Is rabies required?
How is it given?

Answer 7

○ Some stated and provinces in NA do not have a rabies vaccination requirement/law in place for dogs and cats - nevertheless, rabies vaccination is recommended as a core vaccine.
○ Required in Ontario
○ 1 yr or 3 yr labelled vaccines are available
○ Some states, provinces and jurisdictions do not recognise a three year labelled rabies vaccine, in which case, a 1 year labelled vaccine must be given.
○ Either SC or intramuscularly route only - each vaccine will specify route of delivery on its packaging.

Question 8

What is the timing of vaccination?

Answer 8

• CDV + CPV + CAV2 +/- CPIV combination vaccine - if less than or at 16 weeks old, give at lest 3 doses which are 2-4 weeks apart.
  ○ First dose at 10-12 weeks
  ○ Second dose at 12-14 weeks
  ○ Third dose at 16-18 weeks
  
  • If more than 16 weeks of age, recommend 2 doses, 2-4 weeks apart
    ○ First dose at 17 weeks
    ○ Second dose at 19-21 weeks
  • Booster: give a single dose of a combination vaccine 1 year following last dose in the puppy protocol
  • Give subsequent doses at intervals of 3 years.
    ○ For MLV and recombinant type vaccines and registered for triannual use

RABIES:
1 yr and 3 yr labelled vaccines available, all vaccines inactivated (killed)
○ First vaccine at 12 weeks of age or older
○ Booster is given 1 year following the initial vaccination regardless of age when it was first vaccinated.
○ Subsequent doses - depends on if you use a 1 yr or 3 yr labelled vaccine and may be dictated by law.

Question 9

What are the non-core vaccines?

Answer 9

Canine Parainfluenza Virus
Bordetella Bronchiseptica
Leptospira
Borrelia Burgdorferi (Canine lyme disease)

Question 10

Desribe the lepto vaccine:

Answer 10

○ Given via SC route
○ Very little cross protection among serovars therefore a 4 serovar leptospirosis vaccine is recommended over a 2-serovar vaccine
○ 4 serovar vaccine available as a combo 4-in-1 vaccine for lepto only OR in combination with core vaccines (multivalent vaccine)
○ Determine if your patient is at risk: suburban or rural environments with exposure to wildlife or coil contaminated with their urine; contact with rodents or their urine; outdoor or working activities; exposure to livestock; activities in rivers, lakes or streams; flooding.
○ WASAVA - considers as core in regions where lepto is endemic.

Question 11

What is the timing of the lepto vaccine?

Answer 11

• If given less than 16 weeks old, give 2 doses of vaccine 2-4 weeks apart.
• Must be at least 12 weeks old.
• If greater than 16 weeks of age, also give 2 doses of vaccine 2-4 weeks apart
• Single booster dose within 1 year following the last dose in initial series.
• Subsequent boosters given annually.