phase 3 Flashcards
hypertension
a condition where the force of blood against the artery walls is consistently too high.
- lead to heart disease
- stroke
Angina
Chest pain or discomfort is caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscles.
- often a symptom of coronary artery disease
Aneurysm
localised, abnormal bulge in the wall of a blood vessel, usually an artery, resulting from weakening of the vessel wall.
stroke
A medical condition in which poor blood supply to the brain results in cell death due to lack of blood flow (ischaemic) or due to bleeding (hemorrhagic)
embolism
sudden blockage of blood vessels by an embolus, which is a blood clot. This can obstruct blood flow.
- pulmonary embolism where clot travels to the lungs.
hashimotos
an autoimmune disorder, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland. this leads to inflammation and gradual destruction of the thyroid, causing hypothyroidism.
symptoms
- weight gain
- fatigue
- muscle weakness
Graves
Affects the thyroid gland, leading to hyperthyroidism. The immune system produces antibodies that stimulate the thyroid to produce excess thyroid hormone.
symptoms:
- weightless
- rapid heartbeat
- anxiety
iodine deficiency
occurs when there is an insufficient intake of iodine, which is essential for the production of thyroid hormones. The thyroid gland relies on iodine to synthesise hormones that regulate metabolism.
- can lead to goiter (enlarged thyroid gland)
- hypothyroidism
hypothyroidism
thyroid gland is unreactive and doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormones.
symptoms:
- fatigue
- weight gain
Hyperthyroidism
The thyroid gland is overactive, and produces excess thyroid hormones
symptoms:
- weight loss
- rapid heart beat
- anxiety
Addisons disease
occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol and sometimes aldosterone.
symptoms:
- weight loss
- fatigue
- low blood pressure
- darkening of skin
Cushlings
caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol.
impact of pituitary tumours
- hormonal imbalance - disrupts the normal production and release of hormones, affecting bodily functions.
- vision changes - large tumours may press on the optic nerve
- headaches
- fatigue and weakness
- infertility
stages of cancer development
1) cell with genetic material
2) cancer is large enough to be felt as a lump
3) cancer spread from the
original site into surrounding areas
4) cancer has spread to other tissue parts of the body.
what is metastasis?
process of cancer cells spreading from one area to another.
process of neoplasia
Refers to abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells, leading to the formation of neoplasm (tumour).
1) Initiation - exposure to certain carcinogens causing genetic changes in normal cells.
2) Promotion - promoters encourage the growth of initiated cells, and stimulate cell growth.
3) Progression - development of full-blown tumour, cells become malignant.
4) Angiogenesis - formation of new blood vessels allowing the tumour to access nutrients and oxygen.
5) Metastasis - some malignant cells may break away from the primary tumour and enter the bloodstream.
how do we test for different cancer?
- cancer screening - cancer can be detected before symptoms arise
- chemotherapy drugs - used to kill or slow down the growth of cancer cells.
- radiation therapy - uses high doses of radiation to target and kill cancer cells.
biopsys and what they are for
biopises are medical procedures involving removal of sample tissue for examination.
needle biopsies:
- fine needle - uses a thin needle to extract cells or fluid.
- core needle biopsy - larger or hollow needle to remove small cylinder of tissues.
- surgical biopsies -
What are smear tests?
screening procedure used to detect cervical cancer.
1) collection of cells - collects a sample of cells from the cervix.
2) cells placed on a glass slide - sent to the lab for analysis
3) examined under the microscope to identify abnormalities
4) Follow-up testing: if abnormal cells are detected further testing and additional biopsies may be recommended.
COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease:
It is a progressive respiratory condition characterised by persistent airflow limitation.
- chronic bronchitis - inflammation of the bronchial tubes leading to increased production of mucus.
- emphysema - damage to air sacs in the lungs reducing their elasticity.
asthma
Inflammation of the airways leads to temporary narrowing and constriction of the bronchial tubes.
symptoms:
- wheezing
- shortness of breath
- chest tightness
arthritis
refers to inflammation of the joints.
causes pain, swelling stiffness and decreased joint mobility.
osteoarthritis
involves the breakdown of cartilage
symptoms:
- pain
- stiffness
- reduced joint flexibility
rheumatoid arthritis
immune system mistakenly attacks lining of membrane surrounding the joints, causing inflammation,
symptoms:
- joint pain
- swelling
- stiffness
- fatigue
treatments for arthritis
- medication
- physical therapy
- lifestyle management
- surgery
osteoperosis
weakening of bones due to loss of bone density and quality. bones are more susceptible to fractures in spine, hips and wrists.
Muscular dystophy
causes progressive weakening and degeneration of muscle tissue. Causes mutations in specific genes critical for muscle structure and function.
implications of compartment syndrome
increased pressure within a muscle compartment. this increased pressure can comprise blood flow leading to severe consequences.
- ischemia - reduced blood flow
- muscle and nerve damage
- pain and swelling
causes of stroke.
cause: a stroke occurs when there is a disruption of blood flow to the brain leading to brain cell damage.
two types of stroke:
ischemic stroke:
- blockage or clot in blood vessels supplying the brain
hemorrhagic stroke:
- bleeding in or around the brain due to ruptured blood vessel.
symptoms of stroke
- face drooping
- arm drooping
- speech difficulty
treatment of stroke
1) ischemic stroke:
- clot-busting drugs - dissolve clot and restore blood flow.
2) haemorrhagic stroke:
- surgical intervention
- post stroke care
Multiple sclerosis
Autoimmune disease
The immune system attacks the CNS. In MS the immune system targets the myelin which is a protective insulating layer covering the nerve fibres
- speeds up saltatory conduction
symptoms of MS
- fatigue
- numbness and tingling
- muscle weakness
- walking difficulties
- vision problems
- vertigo
- cognitive changes
treatments of MS
- disease-modifying medication - drugs that help slow down the progression of MS and reduce relapses.
- steroids for relapse
- healthy lifestyle
- supportive care
gout
Type of arthritis when there’s too much of a substance called uric acid in your body.
- uric acid can form crystals in your joints, causing sudden and intense pain.
fibromyalgia
causes widespread pain and tenderness in the muscles.
- people will have fatigue, sleep disturbances and difficulties with memory and concentration.
Parkinsons disease
a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement.
Alzheimers
the neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects memory, thinking and behaviour.
Epilepsy
Causes recurring seizures.
A sudden brief disturbance in the electrical activity of the brain leads to changes in behaviour, movement or consciousness.
Cerebral Palsy
is a group of disorders that affect a person’s ability to move and maintain balance and posture. caused by damage to the development of the brain. damage can impact muscle control and coordination.
Huntingtons disease
affects the brain leading to progressive deterioration of both mental and physical abilities.
cirrhosis
caused by long term liver damage and scarring,
