Phase 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Vitamin a function
A
Generates light sensitive pigment in retina
2
Q
Vitamin a deficiency causes
A
Night blindness
3
Q
Vitamin d function
A
Increases calcium and phosphate absorption
4
Q
Vitamin d deficiency causes
A
Osteoporosis
5
Q
Vitamin b1 required for
A
Aerobic respiration
6
Q
Vitamin b1 deficiency causes
A
Beri beri
7
Q
Vitamin c causes
A
Wound repair
8
Q
Vitamin c deficiency causes
A
Scurvy
9
Q
Calcium component of
A
Bones and teeth
10
Q
Calcium deficiency causes
A
Osteomalacia
11
Q
Iron forms
A
Haemoglobin
12
Q
Iron deficiency causes
A
Anaemia
13
Q
Heart healthy fats are
A
Monounsaturated fats and poly unsaturated fats
14
Q
Benefits of heart healthy fats
A
Lower low density lipoprotein cholesterol, reduce plaque build up in arteries, decrease triglycerides in blood
15
Q
Dietary fibre benefits
A
Regular bowel movements, fuller for longer, lower bp, balances cholesterol
16
Q
Two types of cholesterol
A
Low density lipoprotein and high density lipoprotein
17
Q
Good type of cholesterol
A
High density lipoprotein
18
Q
Bad type of cholesterol
A
Low-density lipoprotein
19
Q
Low density lipoprotein cholesterol raises risk of
A
Heart disease and stroke
20
Q
High density lipoprotein absorbs
A
Absorbs cholesterol in blood and carries back to liver
21
Q
High levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol lowers risk of
A
Heart disease and stroke
22
Q
Too much of low density cholesterol causes
A
Build up on walls of blood vessels, called plaque, causing heart diseases
23
Q
Hypertension
A
High blood pressure (>140/90mmHg)
24
Q
Hypotension
A
Abnormally low bp (<90/60mmHg)
25
Normal blood pressure
120/80mmHG (systolic/diastolic)
26
Systolic blood pressure
Maximum pressure exerted in arteries during systole of heart
27
Diastolic blood pressure
Minimum pressure in arteries during diastole of heart
28
Primary Hypertension
90%, caused by genetic and environmental factors e.g obesity, lack of exercise, diet, age etc
29
Secondary hypertension
Less common, identifiable cause e.g renal failure, pregnancy
30
Hypertension leads to
Increased risk of heart attack and stroke
31
Hypertension is how long
Chronic
32
Hypotension often how long
Temporary
33
Hypotension caused by
Haemorrhage, loss of whole blood, dehydration; loss of water, medical conditions e.g diabetes
34
Managing blood pressure
Exercise, diet, sleep, stress
35
Cells of pancreas secrete
Insulin when blood glucose levels rise above 6mmol/litre
36
Insulin promotes entry of glucose into
Target cells (liver, adipose and muscle)
37
Insulin also promotes conversion of
Glucose to glycogen in liver
38
During periods of hypoglycaemia, a cells in pancreas stimulate
Production of glucagon
39
Glucagon raises blood glucose by
Stimulating breakdown of glycogen stored in the liver and skeletal muscles
40
Glucagon enhances
Lipid digestion
41
Type 1 diabetes has insulin deficiency because
Of pancreas not producing insulin
42
In type 1 diabetes glucose levels
Remain high in blood
43
Type 2 diabetes insulin is
Produced but body cells don’t respond to it
44
In type 2 diabetes glucose not able be
Utilised by cells despite high blood glucose
45
Type 1 diabetes results from
Autoimmune destruction of insulin producing b cells in pancreas
46
Type 1 diabetes treatment
Insulin
47
Type 1 diabetes peak onset
Ages 11-13, very rare after 30
48
Type 1 diabetes cause
Viral, environmental, genetic
49
Type 1 diabetes symptoms develop
Suddenly
50
Type 1 diabetes prone to
Ketoacidosis
51
Type 1 diabetes carbohydrate utilisation is
Reduced, lipid and protein enhanced
52
Diabetes Type 2 may have
Normal insulin levels
53
Diabetes type 2 problem is
Insulin resistance (failure of target cells to respond to insulin)
54
Diabetes type 2 occurs over what age
40, but obesity has changed that to younger
55
Diabetes type 2 causes
Genetics and lifestyle
56
Diabetes type 2 complications
Accelerated atherosclerosis, micro vascular diapers leading to nephropathy and retinopathy, autonomic dysfunction, demyelination of nerve cells
57
Managing diabetes
Healthy diet, exercise, medicine
58
Most common type of pituitary gland disorders
Pituitary disorders
59
Non-secretory tumours have inadequate
Hormone secretion
60
Secretary tumours have
Excess hormone secretion
61
Causes of hyposecretion
Head injuries, surgery, radiation, autoantibodies
62
Disorders of anterior pituitary gland related to
Growth hormone secretion
63
Overactive gland (e.g adenoma of anterior pituitary gland) leads to
Gigantism in children or acromegaly in adults
64
Under active gland leads to
Dwarfism (proportionate short stature)
65
Gigantism caused by
Excessive secretion of growth hormone in children
66
Gigantism is
Overgrowth of long bones in children before age when epiphyses of bone close
67
Acromegaly is
Growth disorder occurring in adults
68
Acromegaly is caused by
Excessive secretion of growth hormones released by pituitary gland later in life after epiphysis is closed
69
Acromegaly potential causes
Pituitary tumour (95%); ectopic GH secreting tumours (5%)
70
Symptoms of acromegaly
Overgrowth and thickening of soft tissues, swelling hands, protruding jaw, enlargement of internal organs
71
Dwarfism caused by
Inadequate secretion of growth hormones in children
72
Disorder of posterior pituitary gland
Diabetes insipidus
73
Diabetes insipidus caused by
Insufficient secretion of ADH
74
Diabetes insipidus due to
Head injury, infection and other factors that destroy gland
75
Diabetes insipisus symptoms
Thirst, blurred vision, dehydration
76
Pituitary tumours
Pituitary Adenoma (benign tumour) and prolactinoma
77
Prolactinoma most common type of
Benign pituitary tumour
78
Prolactinoma secretes massive amount of
Prolactin
79
Hypothyroidism is an under active
Gland
80
Hypothyroidism leads to decreased production of
Thyroid hormone
81
Most cases of hypothyroidism are
Primary
82
Primary hypothyroidism is a defect within
Thyroid gland
83
Blood tsh levels is high in
Primary hypothyroidism
84
Hypothyroidism causes
Goitre, cretinism in children, myxodema in adults, hashimotos thyroiditis
85
Endemic goitre is
Abnormal swelling of thyroid gland,causing lump to form in neck
86
Most common cause for goitre is
Dietary iodine deficiency
87
In endemic goitre blood tsh levels is
High
88
Cretinism caused by
Inadequate secretion of thyroid hormones in children
89
Cretinism caused by
Dietary iodine deficiency
90
Cretinism symptoms due to
Mental retardation, short stature, dry features, protuding tongue and umbilical hernia
91
Myxoedema caused by
Reduced production of thyroid hormones in adults
92
Myxoedema symptoms
Oedematous appearance, fatigue,obesity, dry thick skin,thin brittle hair and mental impairment (low mood)
93
Most common cause of hypothyroidism
Hashimotos thyroiditis
94
Hashimotos thyroiditis caused by
Autoantibodies binding to and blocking thyroid stimulating hormone receptors expressed on thyroid follicular cells which leads to reduced production of thyroid hormones
95
Hashimotos thyroiditis symptoms
Goitre, cold intolerance, fatigue and muscle weakness, weight gain
96
Hyperthyroidism-graves disease is
Autoimmune disease, thyroid gland produces excess thyroid hormones
97
Hyperthyroidism caused by
Autoantibodies mimicking effcet of TSH on thyroid gland, simulating thyroid hormones synthesis and secretion
98
Hyperthyroidism symptoms
Increased metabolic rate, weight loss, heat, intolerance, sweating, bulging eyes
99
Disorders of thyroid glands are related to
Calcitonin hormone
100
Underproduction of calcitonin hormone in thyroid glands leads to?
Increased blood calcium, decreased bone calcification lead to osteoporosis, kidney stones
101
Overproduction of calcitonin hormone in thyroid glands leads to
Increase bone calcification, decreased blood calcium, tetany (muscle cramps)
102
Hypoparathyroidism
Underproduction of pth, leads to low blood calcium
103
Hyperparathyroidism
Overproduction of pth, leading to high blood calcium and osteoporosis (brittle bone)
104
Under active adrenal glands leads to
Decreased levels of hormones produced by adrenal glands
105
Primary under active adrenal glands
Intrinsic failure of adrenal gland resulting in inability to produce cortisol and aldosterone
106
Secondary underactive adrenal glands
Due to disease of hypothalamus or pituitary gland or prolonged use of steroids
107
Primary underactive adrenal glands examples
Surgical removal of adrenal gland, infection of adrenal glands
108
Primary underactive adrenal glands blood acth levels
High
109
Secondary underactive adrenal glands blood acth levels
Low
110
Primary adrenal insufficiency - addisons disease
Inadequate secretion of cortisol and/or aldosterone
111
Primary adrenal insufficiency addisons disease cause
Autoimmune disease, surgical removal of glands, infections
112
Primary adrenal insufficiency - addisons disease signs and symptoms
Loss of appetite, low blood glucose, low blood pressure, lack of tolerance to stress
113
Primary adrenal insufficiency - addisons disease leads to high levels of
ACTH released
114
Excess acth stimulates
Melanocytes in skin causing hyperpigmentation
115
Hyperaldostronism
Adrenal glands produce too much aldosterone
116
Pheochromocytoma
Adrenal glands secretes excessive amounts of catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline)
117
Cushing’s syndrome
Adrenal glands produce too much cortisol (risk of high blood pressure and heart attack/stroke
