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Phase 3 > Phase 3 > Flashcards

Phase 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamin a function

A

Generates light sensitive pigment in retina

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2
Q

Vitamin a deficiency causes

A

Night blindness

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3
Q

Vitamin d function

A

Increases calcium and phosphate absorption

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4
Q

Vitamin d deficiency causes

A

Osteoporosis

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5
Q

Vitamin b1 required for

A

Aerobic respiration

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6
Q

Vitamin b1 deficiency causes

A

Beri beri

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7
Q

Vitamin c causes

A

Wound repair

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8
Q

Vitamin c deficiency causes

A

Scurvy

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9
Q

Calcium component of

A

Bones and teeth

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10
Q

Calcium deficiency causes

A

Osteomalacia

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11
Q

Iron forms

A

Haemoglobin

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12
Q

Iron deficiency causes

A

Anaemia

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13
Q

Heart healthy fats are

A

Monounsaturated fats and poly unsaturated fats

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14
Q

Benefits of heart healthy fats

A

Lower low density lipoprotein cholesterol, reduce plaque build up in arteries, decrease triglycerides in blood

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15
Q

Dietary fibre benefits

A

Regular bowel movements, fuller for longer, lower bp, balances cholesterol

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16
Q

Two types of cholesterol

A

Low density lipoprotein and high density lipoprotein

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17
Q

Good type of cholesterol

A

High density lipoprotein

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18
Q

Bad type of cholesterol

A

Low-density lipoprotein

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19
Q

Low density lipoprotein cholesterol raises risk of

A

Heart disease and stroke

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20
Q

High density lipoprotein absorbs

A

Absorbs cholesterol in blood and carries back to liver

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21
Q

High levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol lowers risk of

A

Heart disease and stroke

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22
Q

Too much of low density cholesterol causes

A

Build up on walls of blood vessels, called plaque, causing heart diseases

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23
Q

Hypertension

A

High blood pressure (>140/90mmHg)

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24
Q

Hypotension

A

Abnormally low bp (<90/60mmHg)

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25
Q

Normal blood pressure

A

120/80mmHG (systolic/diastolic)

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26
Q

Systolic blood pressure

A

Maximum pressure exerted in arteries during systole of heart

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27
Q

Diastolic blood pressure

A

Minimum pressure in arteries during diastole of heart

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28
Q

Primary Hypertension

A

90%, caused by genetic and environmental factors e.g obesity, lack of exercise, diet, age etc

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29
Q

Secondary hypertension

A

Less common, identifiable cause e.g renal failure, pregnancy

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30
Q

Hypertension leads to

A

Increased risk of heart attack and stroke

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31
Q

Hypertension is how long

A

Chronic

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32
Q

Hypotension often how long

A

Temporary

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33
Q

Hypotension caused by

A

Haemorrhage, loss of whole blood, dehydration; loss of water, medical conditions e.g diabetes

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34
Q

Managing blood pressure

A

Exercise, diet, sleep, stress

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35
Q

Cells of pancreas secrete

A

Insulin when blood glucose levels rise above 6mmol/litre

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36
Q

Insulin promotes entry of glucose into

A

Target cells (liver, adipose and muscle)

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37
Q

Insulin also promotes conversion of

A

Glucose to glycogen in liver

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38
Q

During periods of hypoglycaemia, a cells in pancreas stimulate

A

Production of glucagon

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39
Q

Glucagon raises blood glucose by

A

Stimulating breakdown of glycogen stored in the liver and skeletal muscles

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40
Q

Glucagon enhances

A

Lipid digestion

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41
Q

Type 1 diabetes has insulin deficiency because

A

Of pancreas not producing insulin

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42
Q

In type 1 diabetes glucose levels

A

Remain high in blood

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43
Q

Type 2 diabetes insulin is

A

Produced but body cells don’t respond to it

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44
Q

In type 2 diabetes glucose not able be

A

Utilised by cells despite high blood glucose

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45
Q

Type 1 diabetes results from

A

Autoimmune destruction of insulin producing b cells in pancreas

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46
Q

Type 1 diabetes treatment

A

Insulin

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47
Q

Type 1 diabetes peak onset

A

Ages 11-13, very rare after 30

48
Q

Type 1 diabetes cause

A

Viral, environmental, genetic

49
Q

Type 1 diabetes symptoms develop

A

Suddenly

50
Q

Type 1 diabetes prone to

A

Ketoacidosis

51
Q

Type 1 diabetes carbohydrate utilisation is

A

Reduced, lipid and protein enhanced

52
Q

Diabetes Type 2 may have

A

Normal insulin levels

53
Q

Diabetes type 2 problem is

A

Insulin resistance (failure of target cells to respond to insulin)

54
Q

Diabetes type 2 occurs over what age

A

40, but obesity has changed that to younger

55
Q

Diabetes type 2 causes

A

Genetics and lifestyle

56
Q

Diabetes type 2 complications

A

Accelerated atherosclerosis, micro vascular diapers leading to nephropathy and retinopathy, autonomic dysfunction, demyelination of nerve cells

57
Q

Managing diabetes

A

Healthy diet, exercise, medicine

58
Q

Most common type of pituitary gland disorders

A

Pituitary disorders

59
Q

Non-secretory tumours have inadequate

A

Hormone secretion

60
Q

Secretary tumours have

A

Excess hormone secretion

61
Q

Causes of hyposecretion

A

Head injuries, surgery, radiation, autoantibodies

62
Q

Disorders of anterior pituitary gland related to

A

Growth hormone secretion

63
Q

Overactive gland (e.g adenoma of anterior pituitary gland) leads to

A

Gigantism in children or acromegaly in adults

64
Q

Under active gland leads to

A

Dwarfism (proportionate short stature)

65
Q

Gigantism caused by

A

Excessive secretion of growth hormone in children

66
Q

Gigantism is

A

Overgrowth of long bones in children before age when epiphyses of bone close

67
Q

Acromegaly is

A

Growth disorder occurring in adults

68
Q

Acromegaly is caused by

A

Excessive secretion of growth hormones released by pituitary gland later in life after epiphysis is closed

69
Q

Acromegaly potential causes

A

Pituitary tumour (95%); ectopic GH secreting tumours (5%)

70
Q

Symptoms of acromegaly

A

Overgrowth and thickening of soft tissues, swelling hands, protruding jaw, enlargement of internal organs

71
Q

Dwarfism caused by

A

Inadequate secretion of growth hormones in children

72
Q

Disorder of posterior pituitary gland

A

Diabetes insipidus

73
Q

Diabetes insipidus caused by

A

Insufficient secretion of ADH

74
Q

Diabetes insipidus due to

A

Head injury, infection and other factors that destroy gland

75
Q

Diabetes insipisus symptoms

A

Thirst, blurred vision, dehydration

76
Q

Pituitary tumours

A

Pituitary Adenoma (benign tumour) and prolactinoma

77
Q

Prolactinoma most common type of

A

Benign pituitary tumour

78
Q

Prolactinoma secretes massive amount of

A

Prolactin

79
Q

Hypothyroidism is an under active

A

Gland

80
Q

Hypothyroidism leads to decreased production of

A

Thyroid hormone

81
Q

Most cases of hypothyroidism are

A

Primary

82
Q

Primary hypothyroidism is a defect within

A

Thyroid gland

83
Q

Blood tsh levels is high in

A

Primary hypothyroidism

84
Q

Hypothyroidism causes

A

Goitre, cretinism in children, myxodema in adults, hashimotos thyroiditis

85
Q

Endemic goitre is

A

Abnormal swelling of thyroid gland,causing lump to form in neck

86
Q

Most common cause for goitre is

A

Dietary iodine deficiency

87
Q

In endemic goitre blood tsh levels is

A

High

88
Q

Cretinism caused by

A

Inadequate secretion of thyroid hormones in children

89
Q

Cretinism caused by

A

Dietary iodine deficiency

90
Q

Cretinism symptoms due to

A

Mental retardation, short stature, dry features, protuding tongue and umbilical hernia

91
Q

Myxoedema caused by

A

Reduced production of thyroid hormones in adults

92
Q

Myxoedema symptoms

A

Oedematous appearance, fatigue,obesity, dry thick skin,thin brittle hair and mental impairment (low mood)

93
Q

Most common cause of hypothyroidism

A

Hashimotos thyroiditis

94
Q

Hashimotos thyroiditis caused by

A

Autoantibodies binding to and blocking thyroid stimulating hormone receptors expressed on thyroid follicular cells which leads to reduced production of thyroid hormones

95
Q

Hashimotos thyroiditis symptoms

A

Goitre, cold intolerance, fatigue and muscle weakness, weight gain

96
Q

Hyperthyroidism-graves disease is

A

Autoimmune disease, thyroid gland produces excess thyroid hormones

97
Q

Hyperthyroidism caused by

A

Autoantibodies mimicking effcet of TSH on thyroid gland, simulating thyroid hormones synthesis and secretion

98
Q

Hyperthyroidism symptoms

A

Increased metabolic rate, weight loss, heat, intolerance, sweating, bulging eyes

99
Q

Disorders of thyroid glands are related to

A

Calcitonin hormone

100
Q

Underproduction of calcitonin hormone in thyroid glands leads to?

A

Increased blood calcium, decreased bone calcification lead to osteoporosis, kidney stones

101
Q

Overproduction of calcitonin hormone in thyroid glands leads to

A

Increase bone calcification, decreased blood calcium, tetany (muscle cramps)

102
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Underproduction of pth, leads to low blood calcium

103
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

Overproduction of pth, leading to high blood calcium and osteoporosis (brittle bone)

104
Q

Under active adrenal glands leads to

A

Decreased levels of hormones produced by adrenal glands

105
Q

Primary under active adrenal glands

A

Intrinsic failure of adrenal gland resulting in inability to produce cortisol and aldosterone

106
Q

Secondary underactive adrenal glands

A

Due to disease of hypothalamus or pituitary gland or prolonged use of steroids

107
Q

Primary underactive adrenal glands examples

A

Surgical removal of adrenal gland, infection of adrenal glands

108
Q

Primary underactive adrenal glands blood acth levels

A

High

109
Q

Secondary underactive adrenal glands blood acth levels

A

Low

110
Q

Primary adrenal insufficiency - addisons disease

A

Inadequate secretion of cortisol and/or aldosterone

111
Q

Primary adrenal insufficiency addisons disease cause

A

Autoimmune disease, surgical removal of glands, infections

112
Q

Primary adrenal insufficiency - addisons disease signs and symptoms

A

Loss of appetite, low blood glucose, low blood pressure, lack of tolerance to stress

113
Q

Primary adrenal insufficiency - addisons disease leads to high levels of

A

ACTH released

114
Q

Excess acth stimulates

A

Melanocytes in skin causing hyperpigmentation

115
Q

Hyperaldostronism

A

Adrenal glands produce too much aldosterone

116
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

Adrenal glands secretes excessive amounts of catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline)

117
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

Adrenal glands produce too much cortisol (risk of high blood pressure and heart attack/stroke

Phase 3 (1 decks)

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