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Phase 2- GI > Phase 2 - RNU > Flashcards

Phase 2 - RNU Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of the female reproductive tract?

A

Paired gonads (ovaries), duct system (paired uterine tubes, single midline uterus, single midline vagina). Located in pelvis; vagina extends through pelvic floor

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2
Q

What is produced by ovaries?

A

Gametes, hormones (oestrogen and progesterone), and has an endocrine and exocrine function

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3
Q

Where do the ovaries sit?

A

Have a variable position, especially after childbirth. Near lateral wall of pelvic cavity, position stabilised by ligaments (shrink after menopause, surface scarred and pitted)

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4
Q

Describe the blood supply of the ovaries

A

Supplied by the ovarian artery, which arises from aorta at level of renal artery

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5
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the ovaries

A

Via ovarian drain, drains to inferior vena cava on right, and left renal vein on left

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6
Q

Describe the lymphatic drainage of the ovaries

A

Drain to aortic nodes at level of renal vessels (clinically significant, due to quick cancer spreading)

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7
Q

Where is the broad ligament?

A

Peritoneal sheet draped over uterus and uterine tubes, ovaries attached to the posterior layer by short mesentery (mesovarium)

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8
Q

Where is the ovarian ligament?

A

Fibrous cord, links ovary to uterus

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9
Q

What is the function of the suspensory ligament of the ovary?

A

Attaches lateral wall of pelvis to ovary, carries ovarian artery and vein

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10
Q

Name the peritoneal reflections of the female reproductive system

A

Rectouterine and uterovesical

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11
Q

What is the clinical significance of the pelvic pouches?

A

Infection can become entrenched in pelvic pouches, and endometriosis, where the lining of the endometrium grows outside the uterus (can grow in the pouches)

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12
Q

What are the parts of the uterine tubes?

A

Infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus and uterine part

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13
Q

Describe the uterine tubes

A

Found in the free margin of the broad ligament, about 13 cm long. Not directly connected to ovary

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14
Q

Describe the infundibulum

A

Funnel shaped opening to peritoneal cavity, fringed by finger-like fimbriae

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15
Q

Describe the uterus

A

Lies in midlines, pear-shaped, variable size, flattened from front to back

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16
Q

What are the parts of the uterus?

A

Body, cervix (cervical canal, internal and external os), fundus, isthmus (narrowing between body and cervix)

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17
Q

What is meant by the term anteflexion?

A

Body of the uterus is bent forwards on the cervix

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18
Q

What is meant by the term anteversion?

A

Whole uterus is bent forward at a right angle to the vagina

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19
Q

Describe the blood and lymphatic supply of the uterus

A

Uterine artery, branch of internal iliac artery. Uterine vein drains to internal iliac vein. Lymphatic drainage of the body and cervix differ (body to para-aortic nodes, cervix to internal iliac nodes)

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20
Q

In the female reproductive tract, is there a direct continuity of gonad and duct system?

A

No

21
Q

What are the accessory glands of the male reproductive tract

A

One prostate gland, two seminal vesicles and two bulbourethral glands

22
Q

Where are the bulbourtheral glands?

A

Inferior to the prostate gland

23
Q

Why do the testes hang outside the body?

A

Internal body temperature would damage sperm

24
Q

What is the wall of the scrotum composed of?

A

Skin, dartos muscle (wrinkles the skin of the scrotum), external spermatic fascia, cremasteric fascia, internal spermatic fascia (layers are fused and hard to distinguish)

25
Q

Describe the cremaster muscle

A

Skeletal, deep to the dermis, runs in spermatic cord, contracts to raise testis in cold weather (cremasteric reflex)

26
Q

Describe the covering of the testes

A

Tunica vaginalis of the testis; a closed sac of peritoneum with visceral and parietal layer. Space between contains a film of peritoneal fluid (excess fluid forms a hydrocele)

27
Q

What is the straight tubule?

A

Where the ends of the seminiferous tubule join

28
Q

What joins to form the rete testis?

A

All straight tubules

29
Q

What happens after the rete testis?

A

Forms efferent ductules which leave and join the epididymus

30
Q

What is the epididymis?

A

A very coiled tube, which is continuous with the ductus deferens. It is so tightly coiled it has a gross form (head, body and tail)

31
Q

What is the lining of the epididymus?

A

Psuedostratified columnar epithelium with sterocilia (increase area for absorption from fluid, can monitor and adjust the fluid composition)

32
Q

What is the blood supply of the testis?

A

Testicular artery

33
Q

What is the venous drainage of the testis?

A

Pampiniform plexus to testicular vein to IVC on right and renal vein on left

34
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the testis?

A

Testis to para-aortic nodes, and scrotum to inguinal nodes

35
Q

How is semen transported in the ductus deferens?

A

Smooth muscle in the wall contracts by peristalsis at emission

36
Q

How long is the ductus deferens?

A

45 cm

37
Q

Where is the ductus deferens found?

A

It lies on the side wall of the pelvis, and turns medially to the base of the bladder

38
Q

What is significant about the end of the ductus deferens?

A

It enlarges towards the end, known as the ampulla region. The seminal vesicle also attaches here

39
Q

What are the seminal vesicles?

A

Coiled tubes which are an outpouching of the ductus deferns.

40
Q

What is secreted by the seminal vesicles?

A

Alkaline viscous fluid which helps to neutralise the acid in the vagina

41
Q

Apart from viscous alkaline fluid, what else is found in the fluid secreted by the seminal vesicles?

A

Fructose , used for ATP production by sperm, and prostaglandins which aid sperm mobility and may also stimulate muscle contraction in the female tract

42
Q

What is the ejaculatory duct?

A

Where the duct of the smell vesicle joins with the ductus deferens on each side.

43
Q

Where does the ejaculatory gland penetrate, and then empty?

A

The prostate gland, and empties into the urethra, which runs through the penis

44
Q

What size and shape is the prostate gland?

A

Pyramidal in shape, size of a chestnut/walnut

45
Q

Where does the prostate gland sit?

A

Below the urinary bladder, and surrounding the beginning of the urethra

46
Q

What does the prostate gland secrete?

A

A slightly acidic fluid containing citrate (used by term for ATP production), acid phosphotase and proteolytic enzymes which liquefy coagulated semen

47
Q

How does the prostatic secretion enter the urethra?

A

Via many prostatic ducts

48
Q

What is produced by the bulbourethral glands?

A

A mucus-like secretion, which lubricates the urethra for seminal passage

49
Q

Where do the bulbourthral glands open?

A

Into the spongy urethra

Phase 2- GI (5 decks)

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