Phase 1 Exam

Question 1

abnormalities found when doing a clinical exam if a patient has osteoarthritis

Answer 1

stiffness. abnormal gait, heat, pain, swelling in joints, reduced range of motion, crepitus, unkempt appearance

Question 2

pathophysiology of cranial crutiate ligament rupture

Answer 2

sudden rotation of stifle causes crutiates too wind around each other. CrCL wound tight and rubs against lateral femoral condyle. hypertension of stifle joint, CrCL ruptures

Question 3

what is the process of bone development for long bones

Answer 3

endochondrial ossification

Question 4

during endochondrial ossification where do secondary ossification centres form

Answer 4

epiphysis

Question 5

clinical signs of a dog with hip displasia

Answer 5

lameness, stiffness after rest, hindquarter wobbliness, swaying gait, pain, exercise intolerance

Question 6

non-surgical management of hip displasia

Answer 6

weight control, exercise control, hydrotherapy, NSAIDs, neutraceuticals

Question 7

stages of fracture healing

Answer 7

1. inflammation 2. proliferation 3. maturation 4. remodelling

Question 8

factors influencing the rate of fracture healing

Answer 8

age, damage to soft tissues, presence of osteomyelitis(infection), systemic illness, stability of fracture site, blood supply, angle of fracture

Question 9

which muscles are striated

Answer 9

cardiac and skeletal

Question 10

what is the neurotansmitter at synaptic cleft

Answer 10

acetyl- choline

Question 11

what deficeincy does a cow with milk fever have

Answer 11

Ca2+

Question 12

clinical signs seen with ecampsia in a bitch

Answer 12

restlessness, panting, ataxia, collapse, facial pruritus, muscle tremors, hyperthermia, dialated pupils, hypoglycaemia

Question 13

mucles for intramuscular injections in dogs

Answer 13

trapezius, triceps brachii, epaxial, quadriceps, hamstring group

Question 14

types of t-cells

Answer 14

helper tcells , cytotoxic t cells, supressor t cells

Question 15

what type of immunity does colostrum provide

Answer 15

natural passive immunity

Question 16

the role of secondary lymphoid organs

Answer 16

provide a site for immune response to occur

Question 17

functions of red pulp in spleen

Answer 17

blood storage, removal of foreign material via macrophages, removal of dead/dying/abnormal red blood cells

Question 18

treatments for equine lymphangitis

Answer 18

antibiotics, movement, massage, cold hosing

Question 19

what does the tetralogy of fallot include

Answer 19

1. ventricular septal defect 2. overriding aorta 3. hypertrophy of right ventricle 4. pulmonic stenosis

Question 20

clinical signs of cat with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 20

;;ethargy, decreased activity, tachypnoea/ dyspnoea, collapsing, paralysis of hindquarters, nothing

Question 21

ways the body compostaes during left sided congested heart failure

Answer 21

tachycardia, peripheral vasocontriction– increases blood pressure, sodium and water retention in kidneys

Question 22

blood vessel to take a sample in a bird

Answer 22

brachial wing vein

Question 23

vessel to take sample in a rabbit

Answer 23

marginal ear vein