Phase 1

Question 1

Sclera

Answer 1

White part of eye, thick, tough, protective layer covering entire eyeball. Extraocular muscles attach to accelerate to allow movement of eye.

Question 2

Conjunctiva

Answer 2

Clear thin membrane of tissue covering front of the eye. It’s divided into the palpebral conjunctiva (lines back side of eyelids) & bulbar conjunctiva (overlies the sclera).

Question 3

Cornea

Answer 3

Clear layer of tissue at front of eye. The cornea, tear, & lens refract light so the eye can focus. The cornea is transparent & does not have blood vessels; needs oxygen directly from the air. Astigmatism, near & farsightedness can be caused if the shape is not as it should be.

Question 4

Iris

Answer 4

Colored part of the eye. Color depends how much melanin (pigment) they contain. The iris controls diameter & size of pupil & amount of light that reaches the retina.

Question 5

Ciliary Body

Answer 5

Responsible for producing aqueous humor (fluid for maintaining intraocular pressure & providing nutrients/antioxidants to eye).

Question 6

Anterior Chamber

Answer 6

Space between the cornea & iris filled w/ aqueous humor. The Aqueous fluid drains out of the eye at the angle (where the iris meets the cornea) through the trabecular meshwork. Then drains into the superficial veins of the eye.

Question 7

Pupil

Answer 7

An opening in the iris & appears as a black, round circle in middle of eye. Pupil acts as the eye’s aperture, allowing more/less light into eye.

Question 8

Lens

Answer 8

Transparent part of eye that refracts light so it’s focused on the retina. Lens normally changes shape allowing eye to focus on objects at different distances. The lens becomes thicker w/ age & can not change shape so easily, which is why as we age it may be more difficult to focus on close small objects w/o reading glasses.

Question 9

Vitreous Humor

Answer 9

Clear gel that fills most of the inside of eyeball. Get ensures the eyeball holds it’s spherical shape & maintains the pressure of eye. The vitreous is firmly attached to the retina & optic nerve when we are younger. With age, vitreous condensed down & plugs off retina (posterior vitreous detachment, PVD).

Question 10

Retina

Answer 10

Retina lines the inner surface of the back of eye. Millions of photoreceptors, called rods & cones, in the retina which capture rays of light. Light falls on the retina, photoreceptors turn them into electrical impulses that trigger nerves & are sent to visual areas of the brain through the optic nerve.

Question 11

Macula

Answer 11

Oval, highly pigmented spot near centre of the retina at back of eye & is responsible for central vision. Macula is yellow & absorbs excess blue & ultraviolet light that enters eye. Macula contains a high density of cones & is needed for both accurate central vision & color perception.

Question 12

Optic Nerve

Answer 12

Is a collection of communication wires which convey info from the retina in the eye to brain. Our “blind spot” is due to a lack of retina where optic nerve leaves the eye.

Question 13

Choroid

Answer 13

Layer of blood vessels & connective tissue between sclera & retina. Choroid provides oxygen & nutrients to the retina. Macula & optic nerve are dependent upon blood supply from the choroid.

Question 14

Refractive Error

Answer 14

Light is not being focused on the fovea correctly! Nearsightedness (myopia - ) means light is focused in front of fovea. Farsightedness (hyperopia + ) means light is focused behind fovea. Astigmatism means light is focused differently in Two meridians. Refractive error can be fixed w/ glasses, ctls, refractive sx, or lens implants in cataract sx.

Question 15

Glaucoma

Answer 15

High pressure in eye which damages optic nerve leading to permanent vision loss. Vision loss begins in periphery & progresses centrally w/ time.

Question 16

Cataract

Answer 16

Cloudiness of lens causing gradually progressive blurry vision. Usually age related, can also be due to diabetes, steroid use, traumas & other factors. Sx removal & Replaced w/intraocular lens.

Question 17

Age Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD)

Answer 17

Eye disorder associated w/ aging resulting in damage to the macula & central vision. Two forms: Wet ARMD & Dry ARMD.

Question 18

Wet ARMD

Answer 18

Is when abnormal blood vessels from the choroid break through into the retina & cause bleeding & leakage of fluid. Leads to scarring & permanent damage which can lead to rapid central vision loss. An early symptom of wet ARMD is that straight lines appear wavy. Injections into eye treat the disease.

Question 19

Dry ARMD

Answer 19

When the macula thins overtime as part of the aging process, gradually blurring central vision. Drusen is a early sign.

Question 20

Diabetic Retinopathy

Answer 20

Abormalities of the small blood vessels in retina which can lead to blessing/swelling of retina. May require laser treatment/injections into eye. May be asymptotic or have blurry vision/floaters.

Question 21

Epiretinal Membrane (ERM)

Answer 21

Abnormal thickening of most superficial layers of retina. EEN & the traction on the retina it can sometimes cause/affect clarity of vision.

Question 22

Posterior Vitreous detachment (PVD)

Answer 22

Occurs as the vitreous gel condenses down & pulls off of the nerve & retina. May have symptoms of floaters/flashes. Can cause retinal tear/detachment.

Question 23

Retinal Detachment (RD)

Answer 23

Separation of the retina’s attachment to choroid. Early detection is important & sx is almost always necessary.
Symptoms: floaters flickers/flashes of light.

Question 24

Conjunctivitis

Answer 24

Inflammation of the conjunctiva leading to redness/mucoid discharge; can have many cases including chemical, viral, bacterial & allergic.

Question 25

Corneal abrasion

Answer 25

Surface corneal cells have been scraped off-usually from trauma. Can be extremely painful (frequently w/ tearing, FBS, redness, light sensitivity) as there are many nerve cells innervating the cornea. Treatment consists of an antibiotic drop & sometimes a bandage ctls, helps to prevent infection/promotes healing.

Question 26

Corneal ulcer

Answer 26

Infection of the cornea (can be viral, bacterial, fungal etc.) Can cause permanent loss of vision if not treated promptly. Typically caused by improper ctls wear/trauma. Symptoms include pain, blurry vision, red eye, tearing.

Question 27

Episcleritis

Answer 27

Inflammation of the superficial sclera, may/may not be painful; usually focal redness. Improved w/ AT’s, Rx drops, or oral meds.

Question 28

Scleritis

Answer 28

Inflammation of the sclera. Serve boring pain in eye, diffuse, or focal redness. Needs systemic treatment w/ anti inflammatory meds. Can be idiopathic, infections, or autoimmune disease.

Question 29

Uveitis

Answer 29

Inflammation inside eye. Can be caused by autoimmune diseases, unknown reasons, trauma, infection. Symptoms include: sensitivity to light, pain, ache over eyebrow.

Question 30

Anterior Uveitis

Answer 30

Inflammation of anterior chamber. Symptoms include: sensitivity to light, pain, ache over eyebrow.

Question 31

Posterior Uveitis

Answer 31

Inflammation in the vitreous gel.

Symptoms include: sensitivity to light, pain, ache over eyebrow.

Question 32

Binocular diplopia

Answer 32

Indicates misalignment between eyes & only present w/ BOTH eyes open.

Question 33

Monocular diplopia

Answer 33

When covering an eye, the vision stays doubled. Usually caused by refractive error, astigmatism, cataract, corneal surface wrinkling.