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Alimentary > Pharynx & Oesophagus > Flashcards

Pharynx & Oesophagus Flashcards

1
Q

what is the only bone in the body that is not joined onto any other bones?

A

Hyoid Bone

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2
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12

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3
Q

What are the three structures that make up the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Larayngopharynx

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4
Q

Where are the Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Larayngopharynx located?

A

Nasopharynx – sits behind the nose

Oropharynx – sits behind the mouth/oral cavity

Laryngopharynx last part of pharynx before oesophagus/larynx

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5
Q

Function of nasopharynx?

A

Respiratory function

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6
Q

Function of oropharynx

A

Digestive function & respiratory function

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7
Q

Name the four types of tonsils in waldezyers ring

A

Pharyngeal, Tubal, Palatine and Lingual tonsils.

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8
Q

Where are the four types of waldeyers ring tonsils located?

A

Pharyngeal tonsil – in roof of nasopharynx

Tubal tonsils – also in roof of nasopharynx

Palatine tonsils – in oropharynx

Lingual tonsils - posterior one third of the tongue

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9
Q

Name the two groups of pharyngeal contractors

A

Longitudinal and circular

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10
Q

what does itis mean

A

inflammation

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11
Q

name an inflammatory infection of the pharynx

A

Middle ear infection (otitis media) or Tonsillitis

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12
Q

Described the symptoms of tonsillitis

A

inflammation of tonsils. collections of lymphoid tissue (back of throat) and tubal tonsils (adenoids)

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13
Q

How long is the oesophagus?

A

20-25cm

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14
Q

where does the oesophagus run from?

A

pharynx -> stomach

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15
Q

Name the two oesophageal sphincters

A

Upper (anatomical) and lower (physiological) sphincter

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16
Q

Name is the type of epithelium (histology) of the oesophagus

A

Stratified squamous (non-keratinising) epithelium

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17
Q

why is there a difference in type of muscle in the oesophagus?

A

Involuntary and voluntary responses.

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18
Q

Define metaplasia?

A

change in epithelium from one type to another which is not typical of that site.

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19
Q

Define dysplasia

A

Abnormal growth or development of cells and/or organs

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20
Q

Two roles of deglutition

A

Food to stomach and prevention from food entering airway

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21
Q

Function of oral phase (swallowing)

A

move food posteriorly, some can pass onto pharyngeal surface of tongue.

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22
Q

What is dysphagia

A

Difficulty swallowing

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23
Q

Causes of dysphagia?

A

neuromuscular disease, obstructions.- strictures, spasm, tumours, developmental abnormality.

24
Q

Name a condition of the oesphagus

A

Tracheo-oesophageal fistula

25
Q

Symptoms of tracheo-oesphageal in a newborn baby?

A

repeated vomiting after every feed

26
Q

what nerves comprises the pharyngeal plexus and what type of fibres are present in it?

A

glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve.
Motor and sensory fibres

27
Q

what vessels are closely related to the pharyngeal plexus?

A

common carotid artery and internal jugular veins

28
Q

name the pharyngeal constrictors

A

superior, middle and inferior constrictors

29
Q

how do the muscular arrangement of the constrictors differ to the rest of the GI tract?

A

Inner longitudinal and outer circular muscular arrangement

30
Q

what is the role of the pharyngeal constrictors?

A

contraction of pharynx

31
Q

what symptom would appear if the was damage to the nerve supply

A

inability to pass food down easily

32
Q

how would you test clinically for damage to the nerve supply (glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve)

A

ask patient to say ‘aggghhh’ as it is the same nerve supply as the uvula (vagus nerve)

33
Q

what is type of epithelium is present in the oesophagus?

A

stratified squamous epithlium (non-keratinising)

34
Q

what is the benefit of stratified squamous epithelium in the oesophagus?

A

allows for repeated trauma without damage to underlying tissues

35
Q

how do the types of muscle vary throughout its length in the oesophagus

A

skeletal, mixed and then smooth

36
Q

what forms the oesophageal sphincter

A

the diaphragm

37
Q

what are the anatomical boundaries of the nasopharynx

A

base of skull and soft palate

38
Q

what types of lymphoid tissue are closely related to the opening of the auditory (eustachian) tube?

A

Pharyngeal and tubal tonsils

39
Q

what does the auditory tube communicate with and why I this a problematic site in children?

A

middle ear.
It is shorter and straighter allowing easier access for ascending infection.

40
Q

what is Achlasia? (clinical condition of the oesophagus)

A

a condition in which the muscles of the lower part of the oesophagus fail to relax, preventing food from passing into the stomach.

41
Q

how can Achlasia be treated?

A

Balloon dilatation / treatment of underlying pathology eg cancerous growth

42
Q

a patient with achalasia, what would the patient complain of?

A

Dysplasia - difficulty swallowing

43
Q

what comprised the mucosa of the oesophagus

A

epithelium, lamina propria and muscularis mucosae

44
Q

what is present in the submucosa of the oesophagus

A

Loose collagen, blood vessels, lymphatics and a nerve plexus.

45
Q

what is the arrangement of the muscle in the musculsris propria (and is typical throughout the GI tract)

A

inner circular (contracts lumen)
outer longitudinal (shortens length)

46
Q

what is present in the adventitia

A

Major blood vessels and nerves, as well as adipose tissue

47
Q

abnormal oesphagus - barrettes syndrome - what does the epithelium look like?

A

epithelial metaplasia
Columnar epithelium and stratified squamous epithelium.

48
Q

what causes the appearance in the epithelium from Barretts syndrome

A

GORD (gastrointestinal reflux disease)

49
Q

what does GORD condition predispose a patient to developing

A

dysplasia and subsequent cancer

50
Q

what is the collective name for the 4 tonsils

A

Waldeyers ring

51
Q

what are tonsils composed of

A

Lymphoid tissue

52
Q

where are the oesophageal sphincters located

A

upper and lower ends of the oesophagus

53
Q

what anatomical structure sits anterior to the oesophagus

trachea
stomach
intestine
pharynx

A

trachea

54
Q

what is achalasia and what is an important differential diagnosis to keep in mind with this type of image, as show in the barium swallow

A

Oesophageal motility disorder. Have to keep in mind the possible diagnosis of oesophageal cancer.

55
Q
A

Alimentary (2 decks)

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