Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Non-Medical Prescribing Pharmacology Flashcards > PharmoDynamics > Flashcards

PharmoDynamics Flashcards

1
Q

for drugs to produce their effects they must act on the body at cellular level. The five modes of drug-body action are

A

receptors, enzymes, carrier molecules (transport system) , ion channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Drug action receptors are found where ?

A

cell membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

drug action receptors are what type of cell

A

proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

‘agonist’ drug effect is ? (receptors)

A

mimics a substance is the body naturally produces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

‘antagonist’ drug effect is?(receptors)

A

block a natural receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is a partial agonist drug effect(receptors)

A

not as effective as agonist, may be beneficial if people are getting a lot of side effects . i.e. morphine to buprenorphine patch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

ion channels are located where

A

cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

ion channel functions

A

to allow ions to transport in and out of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

ion examples

A

sodium, k, ca, mg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

medications which affect ion channels aim to do what

A

can block the ion channels within the cell preventing ions leaving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

example of an ion channel medication

A

calcium channel blockers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Calcium channel blockers do what

A

prevent an influx of ca into the heart muscle - prevent ca coming into the cell, leading to an excitable state which starts contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

drug modulators (Ion channel)

A

these drugs bind to a receptor on the ion channel , changing the shape - may make it narrower or larger, resulting in a faster or slower flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

drugs that work on enzymes - what is an enzyme

A

it needs to be present for a chemical reaction to occur - catalyst for the reaction to occur, the enzyme has to already be present.

i.e. the drug gets changed into its metabolite by the enzyme i.e. Codeine is given, it is changed by the enzyme into its metabolite - morphine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

pro drug example (enzymes)

A

codeine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

enzyme inhibitor

A

prevents the enzyme from doing its job

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

enzyme inhibitor example drug

A

ace inhibitor (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Carrier proteins/molecule example drug

A

sertraline
work by extending the life of serotonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a receptor

A

a specialist area on the cell wall within the cellular cytoplasm, the drug will have an affect when it binds with the receptors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

4 Main types of cell receptors

A
  • Ligand-gated ion channels/ionotropic receptors
  • Guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G-protein) receptors
  • Kinase-linked receptors
  • Nuclear receptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

A ligand is a

A

molecule that binds to a receptor. It can be a hormone, neurotransmitter, intracellular messenger molecule or exogenous drug.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

G- proteins are found within the cell, are linked to what and activate after what

A

to the receptor and activate after drug molecule binding.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Kinase linked receptors produce a

A

cascade of events after drug binding that lead to drug action.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Nuclear receptors are located

A

WITHIN the cell nucleus and require the drug molecule to cross the nuclear membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Gaba A receptor is what type?
Ligand gated ion channel which binds benzodiazepines
26
G-Protein examples are
Adreno-receptors and histamine receptors
27
Kinase-Linked receptors target what
Insulin, cytokine receptors
28
Nuclear receptors target what
thyroid & steroid receptors
29
Receptors are affected by
both internal mechanisms and external factors and so affect the way the body adapts to drugs.
30
A drug that binds to a receptor and causes activation is called an
agonist
31
A drug that binds to a receptor and prevents activation is called an
antagonist
32
Antagonists are
chemical molecules or drugs that bind to their target receptors to prevent naturally occurring substances within the body from binding to them.
33
An agonist is a
chemical molecule that has the ability to activate a receptor's cellular activity and promote a response. Many hormones, neurotransmitters and drugs act as agonists.
34
As well as agonists and antagonists, there are also
partial agonists and inverse agonists. They can be competitive and non-competitive in their actions.
35
autonomic nervous system receptor name
adrenoceptors
36
b1 adrenoceptors are located where
in the heart
37
b1 adrenoceptors when activated do what
increase HR
38
b2 adrenoreceptors are located where
in smooth muscle inc. airway
39
when b2 adrenoreceptors are activated what happens
the smooth muscle of the airway relaxes
40
Specificity is ?
Chemical messengers interact with receptors by forming chemical bonds with them. Because chemical messengers and receptors are three-dimensional objects they have distinct shapes. The shapes that fit best together allow the most bonds to form. In this way a receptor is able to distinguish between a chemical messenger - the true signal, and a similar compound that fits less well. We refer to this as specificity. Consequently epinephrine binds with adrenoceptors, histamine binds with histamine receptors and so on.
41
salbutamol is a
ß2 agonist that causes dilation of the airway and you might have guessed that its action makes it especially useful in an asthma attack
42
Q: What does variability in the T-half of drugs refer to?
A: Variability in the half-life of drugs, such as caffeine (2.5-4 hrs), which can be influenced by genetic factors and other variables.
43
Q: How can the graph of drug clearance be described in terms of variability?
A: The graph can be bimodal, showing two groups: fast clearers and slow clearers.
44
Q: What is meant by genetic variability in drug half-life? .
A: It refers to the differences in how individuals metabolize and clear drugs, often due to variations in their enzyme systems
45
Q: What are some drugs that show variability in metabolism?
A: Phenytoin, debrisoquine, and mercaptopurine.
46
Q: What risk is associated with the muscle relaxant suxamethonium?
A: It can cause prolonged paralysis in 1 in 3,000 people due to genetic variability.
47
Q: How do Chinese people metabolize alcohol differently?
A: They produce higher levels of acetaldehyde, leading to flushing of the skin and palpitations.
48
Q: What is a notable cardiovascular effect of propranolol in Chinese people?
A: They are more sensitive to its cardiovascular effects.
49
Q: How do Afro-Caribbeans compare in sensitivity to the cardiovascular effects of propranolol?
A: Afro-Caribbeans are less sensitive to these effects compared to Chinese people.
50
Q: Why are older people more likely to experience drug interactions?
A: Older people are particularly likely to be on multiple medications.
51
Q: In what two main ways can a drug alter the response to another drug?
A: Through pharmacodynamic effects and pharmacokinetic responses.
52
Q: What is a pharmacodynamic effect in drug interactions?
A: It is an alteration in the response to the drug with no alteration in the concentration of the drug.
53
Q: When are changes due to drug concentration interactions particularly important?
A: These changes are of importance if the drug in question has a narrow therapeutic window.
54
Q: What are the main reasons for variation in drug response?
A: Age, genetic factors (polymorphisms), idiosyncratic reactions, disease, and drug interactions.
55
tolerance is defined as
decreased response to the same dose of drug that occurs with repeated administration
56
reasons for tolerance
reduced absorption, increased elimination (enzyme induction) reduced receptor sensitivity
57
Tolerance - reduced receptor sensitivity ?what happens
Tachyphylaxis
58
Tachyphylaxis is what
receptors become less sensitive, reduction in the numbers of receptors, reduction in the sensitivity, vacuolisation (caught up in little vacuoles)
59
What drug is prone to tolerance
Opiates
60
list the four main targets for drugs
receptors, enzymes, ion channels, carrier proteins
61
four main targets for drugs and explain how drugs interact with each of these
receptors - recognition molecules , agonist, antagonists, Enzymes ion channels - alter electrical potential carrier protein - if we inhibit them we get a build up of substrate
62
explain the term exogenous
from outside the body
63
explain the term endogenous
from inside the body (made in the body)
64
explain the term agonist
a ligand that binds to and stimulates a receptor
65
explain the term antagonist
a ligand that binds to and does not stimulate a receptor, blocking it from being able to be stimulated
66
explain the term partial agonist
a ligand that binds to a receptor and partially stimulates it
67
Explain how a G-Protein linked receptor produces a response
if an agonist binds - it causes GTP to bind to the G protein which will then interact with a enzyme most commonly adenylate cyclase which will then stimulate cAMP which will then diffuse into the cells, which will make changes in the cell by activating enzymes (amplifying the response)
68
Receptors can be what?
Agonist or antagonist (also partial agonist and inverse agonists)
69
Ion channels can be what?
blockers or modulators
70
enzymes can be what?
inhibitory, false substrate or prodrug
71
carrier proteins can be what?
normal transport or inhibitor
72
Receptor - Agonist - Direct will do what
open the ion channel or close it
73
Receptor - Transduction mechanisms - will do what
Enzyme activation/inhibition, ion channel modulation, DNA transcription
74
Ion channel blocker will do what
permeation blocked
75
ion channel modulator will do what
increase or decrease opening probability
76
enzyme inhibitor will do what
normal reaction inhibited
77
enzyme false substrate will do what
produce an abnormal metabolite
78
enzyme prodrug will do what
active drug will be produced
79

Non-Medical Prescribing Pharmacology Flashcards (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions