pharmocolgy 1

Question 1

pharmodynamics

Answer 1

• study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action

Question 2

pharmokinetics

Answer 2

• absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion of drugs

Question 3

toxicology

Answer 3

• adverse effects of drugs and chemicals

Question 4

pharmotherapeutics

Answer 4

• use of drugs in the prevention and treatment of disease

Question 5

what is a drug

Answer 5

Chemical substance of known structure which when given to a living organisms produces a biological effect

Question 6

selectivity

Answer 6

• one effect predominates over a particular dose range (therapeutic window)
• within this range the drug may be termed selective

Question 7

general mechanisms of drug activity eg deficiency

Answer 7

deficiency - replacement therapy
excess action - chemical antagonist can reduce or block the effect of an excess activity of normal processes
physiochemical environment
- drugs can alter the environment or characteristics of cell/tissue

Question 8

types of effects of drugs

Answer 8

1) Therapeutic effects
- the desired or anticipated effect
2) Side effects
- other than therapeutic effects occurring at therapeutic doses
3) Toxic or adverse effect
- deleterious effects usually occurring at higher doses
4) Lethal effect
- death caused by very high drug dose

Question 9

acceptors

Answer 9

• substances drugs bind to without causing any effect (eg plasma proteins)

Question 10

receptors

Answer 10

cell component directly involved in reaction of some drugs and initiate the chain events leading to drug observed effect

Question 11

drugs can either be

Answer 11

1) agonist
- initiates a response
- many endogenous agonist (eg neurotransmitters and hormones)
2) antagonist
- does not initiate a response, prevent agonist binding

Question 12

receptor locations

Answer 12

cell membrane
nucleus
cytoplasm

Question 13

biological targets for drugs

Answer 13

receptor
ion cennels
enzymes
transporters

Question 14

classes of cell surface receptors

Answer 14

ion channel linked receptor
G protein linked receptor
enzyme linked receptro

Question 15

ion channel linked receptor

Answer 15

• part of the structure the ligand binds to,
• changes opening and closing of the ion channel
• can modulate the amount of ions entering the cell

Question 16

G protein linked receptor

Answer 16

• transmembrane receptor
• G protein found intracellularly
• Once ligand binds on the extracellular site, G protien activated and can lead to activation of a cascade of events leading to physiological change

Question 17

Enzyme linked receptor

Answer 17

• has a binding site for ligand

- once bound, change in intracellular site by activating catalytic domain

Question 18

efficacy

Answer 18

• relationship between receptor occupancy and ability to initiate a response at molecular, tissue or cellular level

Question 19

affinity

Answer 19

• ability to bind to a receptor

Question 20

potency

Answer 20

• how much drug is required to produce a particular effect

- depends on both affinity and efficacy

Question 21

full vs partial agonist

Answer 21

• based on the maximal pharmacological response that occurs when all the receptors are occupied

Question 22

antagonist

Answer 22

• binds but does not activate and are used to prevent agonist from binding
• allows us to increase the dose, causes a right shift

Question 23

anti inflammatory action of steroids

Answer 23

bind to receptor
bind to nucleus
act on phsopholipases
required for arachnid pathway involved in inflammation

Question 24

glucocorticoids effects and what they act on

Answer 24

Act on intracellular receptors

1) Vascular events
- reduce vasodilation
- decrease fluid exudation
2) inflammatory and immune mediators
- reduces production and action of cytokines

3) cellular population
- reduces clonal expansion of T/B cells
- decreases action of cytokine secreting T cells

Question 25

what do NSAIDS do

Answer 25

unlock cox 1 and 2

inhibit enzymatic activty

Question 26

what do benzodiasepies/barbiturates do

Answer 26

Act on ion channels and chloride channels

• Acid binds on the extraceullar side (GABA side)
• modulate how much chloride can enter the channel (- change) can induce hyperpolarization

Question 27

successful therapy depends on

Answer 27

host defence mechanisms
location of infection
pharmokinetics
dynamic properties of antibacterial

Question 28

what do beta lacatam antibiotics do

Answer 28

disrupt the synthesis of peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls