Pharmacy 3rd Year Flashcards
Define cytotoxic or cytostatic medicine
Any medicinal product that possesses any one or more of the following:
1) toxic
2) carcinogenic
3) toxic for reproduction
4) mutagenic
Why audit?
Improves quality of care Maximise resources Educational tool Encourages team work Provides evidence to justify change
define audit standards
Standards are the proportion of times that the criteria can be fulfilled usually expressed as a %
What is audit
Quality improvement process that seeks to improve patient care and outcomes through systematic review of care against explicit criteria and the implementation of change
Define patient safety
The avoidance, prevention and amelioration of adverse outcomes or injuries stemming from the process of healthcare
What does NPSA stand for
National patient safety agency
What does he NPSA do
Set up national reporting and learning system for recording and collating data on medical harm
In 2012 the patient safety function of the NPSA was transferred to what
NHS commissioning board special health authority
What are the two subtitles of medication errors
1) commission
2) omission
Define error of commission
Wrong meds or wrong dose
Define error of omission
Omitted dose or failure to monitor
Is RCA a reactive method of error management?
Yes because it’s used after an error has occurred
What does FMEA stand for and what is it
Failure modes and effects analysis is a systematic method of identifying and preventing process and product problems before they occur
What are the 6 stages of the transtheoretical model
1) pre contemplation
2) contemplation
3) preparation
4) action
5) maintenance
6) relapse/termination
Define ambivalence
When you feel two ways about something, know pros and cons but can’t decide
What’s the reactance theory
Brehm- nobody tells me what to do
What’s motivational interviewing
A form of brief psychotherapy, is goal orientated
What are the 6 stages of the transtheoretical model
1) pre contemplation
2) contemplation
3) preparation
4) action
5) maintenance
6) relapse/termination
Define ambivalence
When you feel two ways about something, know pros and cons but can’t decide
What’s the reactance theory
Brehm- nobody tells me what to do
What’s motivational interviewing
A form of brief psychotherapy, is goal orientated
Define ethics
Ethics is the science or morals or moral philosophy
Define ethical norms
Are rules or behaviours to be complied with or used to evaluate or direct human conduct
What is an ethical dilemma
It is where a problem needs to be overcome or a difficult choice made using a process known as ethical decision making
Define principle
Fundamental truths or laws used for deliberation or reasoning
What are the three main ethical theories
1) deontological ethics
2) consequentialist ethics
3) virtue ethics
Which ethical theory is ‘ethics of care’ most related to?
Virtue ethics but it places more emphasis on and employing altruistic emotions
Define moral reasoning
Individual or collective practical reasoning about what we ought to do
What is a ‘ad hominem argument’
An argument against man- normally an attack on a particular person and is intended to discredit what he or she does
What is a ‘tu quoque argument’
‘You too’- method used to reduce or deflect the force of an argument that a person is making
Define fallacy
These are logical mistakes in reasoning
What are the three types of morality
1) duty based morality
2) goal based morality
3) virtue based morality
Define capacity
The ability of a person to make decisions that may have consequences for themselves and/or others being affected by the decision that person makes
Define consent
To express a willingness, give permission, agree
What are the 3 parts to ethically valid consent
1) must be voluntary
2) given by a competent individual
3) done in light of sufficient info and understanding
What are the two types of consent
1) implied consent
2) explicit consent
Define implied consent
When the patient indicates their consent indirectly without writing or speaking
Define explicit consent
When a patient gives you specific permission to do something either written or spoken
What are the four stages of medicines information
1) understand the question
2) carry out your research
3) prepare your answer
4) feedback your answer
What is UKMi
U.K. Medicines information is an NHS pharmacy based service
What’s the aim of UKMi?
To support the safe, effective and efficient use of medicines by the provision of evidence based information and advice on their therapeutic use
What is research governance
The broad range of regulations, principles and standards of good practice that exist to achieve, and continuously improve, research quality across all aspects of healthcare in the uk and worldwide
Good research ethics and ethical review are part of research governance
The framework for research governance England (2005) is concerned with what 6 things
Ethics Science Information Health and safety Finance Promoting a quality research culture
Who oversees research matters within the NHS?
The NHS health research authority (HRA)
What does GAfREC stand for
Government arrangements for research ethics committees
When is NHS ethical approval required
1) if your study meets certain criteria
2) if your study involves past or present NHS patients (or carers or relatives) or their tissues
When is NHS management permission is required
Your research involves NHS staff, patients or premises
NHS ethical approval and NHS management permission come under what
HRA approval
What is public health
The science and art of promoting and protecting health and well-being, preventing ill health and prolonging life through the organised efforts of society
How many public health domains are there?
4
What’s demain 1
Improving the wider determinants of health
Which demain is health improvement?
Domain 2
What’s domain 3
Health protection
Which domain is healthcare, public health and preventing premature mortality
Domain 4
Name the three types of services that can be offered in a pharmacy
Essential
Advanced
Enhanced
Name the 7 essential services
Dispensing Repeat dispensing Disposal of unwanted meds Health promotion Signposting Support for self care Clinical governance
List 4 advanced services
MURs
NMS
Appliance use review
Stoma appliance customisation service
List 9 enhanced services
Minor ailments management Palliative care management Care home services Head lice management Gluten free food supply Services to schools Out of hours services Supplementary and independent prescribing Medicines assessment and compliance support
‘Professional standards for public health practice for pharmacy’ how many standards?
9
What are the 5 models and approaches to health promotion
Medical Behaviour Educational Empowerment Social change
What does SMR stand for
Standardised mortality ratio
Give two types of statistics used to measure health
Mortality
Morbidity
Name four objective measures of health
Health measures
Health behaviour indicators
Environmental indicators
Socio economic indicators
Name 5 types of subjective measures of health
Functional Health status (SF36 EQ5D QALY) Psychological well being Social networking and social support Patient reported outcome measures
EQ5D scores are generated from what 5 dimensions
Mobility Pain/discomfort Self care Anxiety/depression Usually activities
Are prescriptions for EEA and Switzerland legally recognised in UK including emergency supplies?
YEH
What meds are not available on an EEA prescription?
Sch 1,2,3
MP without marketing authorisation in UK
What is confounding
Factors that affect results of study e.g age smoking gender
How can you account for confounding?
Stratify and work out odds ratio or do multinationals regression analysis
What 3 things should you do in dispensing error
1) RCA
2) send RCA to superintendent
3) report to national reporting and learning system
Name 5 ways to well being
Connect Be active Take Notice Keep learning Give
Define public stigma
When the public know the stereotypes
Define stigma
A series of attitudes we have about groups
What is the four stage approach to making a decision?
Gather relevant facts
Prioritise and ascribe values
Generate options
Choose and option
What’s a likert scale
Agree strongly agree etc
Name of effect that happens when someone observes you
Horthawn effect
Name three CDs that can be supplied to midwives
Diamorphine
Morphine
Pethidine
