Pharmacotherapy of Oral Diabetes Medications Exam 2 Flashcards
What is the role of self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG)?
- Assessment of current glycemic status
- Confirms hypo- or hyperglycemia symptoms
- Assessment of current therapy
- Assessment of impact of intervention on glycemic control
- Evaluation for trends in control
- Quicker feedback than A1c
- Identification of asymptomatic hypoglycemia
- Identify A1c mismatch with perceived glycemic control
- Evaluation of food and other factors on glycemia
What would be a reason to set an alternate A1c goal from normal?
- High risk for hypoglycemia
- High risk of complication if hypoglycemia occurs: Fall risk, hypo unawareness, etc.
- Barriers to drug therapy required for optimal control
- Lower risk for chronic complications (short life expectancy)
- Elderly
Biguanide PK
- decreases hepatic glucose production
- insulin sensitization in muscle and fat
Biguanide use
Should always be used in type 2 unless there is a C/I
Metformin dosing
most people don’t get a clinical response over 2000mg per day
Metformin renal dosing
- eGFR ≥45 – 59: Monitor renal function every 3-6 months
- eGFR ≥30-44: Use caution, consider 50% dose reduction, no new therapy
- eGFR <30: Use C/I
Biguanide ADE
- Diarrhea
* Decreased B12
What are risk factors for lactic acidosis? (not underlined; FYI)
- acute CHF
- dehydration
- excessive alcohol intake
- hepatic or renal impairment
- sepsis
- note: stop 48 hrs prior to imaging proc; contrast dye can put pt in acute kidney injury which would also increase risk of lactic acidosis
Biguanide monitoring parameters
- Renal function
* B12
Biguanide pearls
- Start low dose and titrate up
- CVD events UKPDS
- Can improve lipid profile
Sulfonylurea PK
increases insulin secretion
Glipizide dosing
- for the BID dosing, should tailor medication to what time the problem of the day happens to the pt
Glyburide renal dosing
Not recommended if eGFR<60
Sulfonylurea ADE
- Hypoglycemia
* Weight gain
Sulfonylurea C/I
Sulfa allergy
Sulfonylurea Place in Therapy
- 2nd or 3rd line
- A1c lowering 1-2% when started as monotherapy; not as good when added as adjunct therapy
Sulfonylurea pearls
Glyburide is on the Beer’s List of Drugs to AVOID in elderly
Metglitinides PK
increases insulin secretion (glucose dependent)
Metglitinides dosing
- dosing with meals
- no renal considerations
Metglitinide ADE
- Hypoglycemia
* Weight gain
Metglitinide C/I
Don’t use with
gemfibrozil (decreases metabolism of metglitinide)
Metglitinide Place in Therapy
2nd or 3rd line
Metglitinide Pearls
Skip if patient skips meal
Thiazolidinediones PK
- Max clinical effect not apparent for 6-12 wks
* Increased insulin sensitivity
TZDs Hepatic Considerations
- Pioglitazone: If liver function test (LFT) are >3 x ULN, discontinue therapy. Do not reinitiate therapy if due to drug
- Rosiglitazone: Do not initiate if active liver disease or LFTs >2.5 x ULN
- no renal dosing
TZD ADE
- Peripheral edema / fluid retention
* Elevated LFTs
TZD C/I
- NYHA III or IV heart failure (for initiation of therapy)
* DI: gemfibrozil (decreases TZD metabolism)
TZD Warnings
- Can exacerbate HF at any stage with fluid retention (BBW)
* Hepatotoxicity
TZD Monitoring parameters
- LFT
- Alkaline phosphatase
- Total bilirubin at baseline
TZD Pearls
- Can take up to 12 weeks to see effect
* Pioglitazone preferred over rosiglitazone
GLP-1 PK
- increase insulin secretion
- decrease glucagon secretion (glucose dependent)
- slows gastric emptying
- increases satiety
GLP-1 dosing
there are different dosing frequency anywhere from once daily to once weekly
Exenatide renal dosing
CrCl <30 stop