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Pharmacology > Pharmacology Year 1 Lvl 2 > Flashcards

Pharmacology Year 1 Lvl 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Adrenergic Agents (sympathomimetic)

A

Meds that mimic NE, cause they mimic axn produced by SNS.

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2
Q

Adrenergic Blocking Agents

A

inhibit or reduce SNS activity adrenergic activity. (eg. beta blockers “olol”)

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3
Q

Cholinergic Agents (Parasympathomimetics)

A

Meds that mimic ACH, cause they mimic axns produced by PNS.

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4
Q

Gabapentine

A

Helps with nerve pain (neuralgia, or shingles)

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5
Q

Anticholinergic drugs

A

drugs block or inhibit cholinergic axns (block PNS axns)

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6
Q

Classification of sleep pattern disturbances

A 
Transient (lasting a few nights)
Short Term (less than three weeks, travel/ anxiety)
Chronic (longer than 1 month)
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7
Q

Insomnia (3 types)

A

Initial: inability to fall asleep
Intermittent: inability to stay asleep
Terminal: early awakening but inability to fall asleep again

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8
Q

Sedatives

A

Drug that calms and gives feelings of rest and relaxation, not necessarily accompanied by sleep. eg. ativan

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9
Q

Hypnotic

A

Produces sleep, normal awakening, no hangover effect, no danger of habit formation.

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10
Q

Barbiturates

A

Axn: Cause CNS depression which is reversible. Sedative and Hypnotic effects. Often used for seizure disorders. eg. phenobarbital

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11
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

CNS depressant but more site specific, hypnotic and sedative effect. Think “zzz” eg. ativan

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12
Q

Examples of Non Barbiturate, Non Benzodiazepines Sedative/Hypnotic agents

A

Melatonin, Benadryl, Dimenhydrinate (Gravol), Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)

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13
Q

Parkinson’s Medication Function

A

Drugs that aim to replace or block destruction of dopamine.

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14
Q

Selegiline & Rasagiline

A

Causes neuroprotective factors that interfere with the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons

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15
Q

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors

A

Blocks destruction of monoamines serotonin, dopamine, and NE to prolong their effect
Helpful for depression and parkinson’s

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16
Q

Antiparkinsonians

A

AXN: drug crosses blood brain barrier and metabolizes into dopamine increasing the levels in the brain.
Levadopa and Sinemet (Levadopa & Carbidopa)

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17
Q

Dopamine Agonists (Apomorphine)

A

AXN: dopamine agonists slow destruction of dopamine and aids in release of of dopamine from its storage site
Do not administer IV

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18
Q

Anticholinergic Agent

A

Realigns the balance between dopamine and ACH, and decreases ACH in the brain.
Will reduce drooling, and tremors. Slowing PNS so be mindful of side effects could occur, eg. constipation.

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19
Q

Alzheimer’s Agents (Cholinesterase inhibitors)

A

AXN: Blocks the breakdown of the NT ACH. (Slows progression of ACH destruction. Memory, learning and thinking)
eg. Aricept

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20
Q

Serotonin

A

NT that helps regulate memory and learning, associated with feelings of happiness, and relaxation.

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21
Q

Melatonin

A

Is a hormone that is secreted by the pineal gland that helps to regulate sleep schedule and circadian rhythm.

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22
Q

Selective Serotonin Reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)

A

AXN: decreases the breakdown of serotonin at the synaptic cleft to allow more serotonin available for the neurons.

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23
Q

Serotonin Syndrome

A

Toxicity of serotonin

S&S: irritability, increased muscle tones, shivering, seizures, myoclonus, tachycardia, reduced consciousness.

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24
Q

Tricyclic Antidepressants

A

AXN: prolong the axn of NE, dopamine, and serotonin to varying degrees by blocking the reuptake of these NT in the synaptic cleft between neurons. eg . amitriptyline

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25
Q

Miscellaneous Agents - Wellbutrin HCL

A

Prolongs the axn of NE, dopamine, and serotonin by blocking reuptake (less than tricyclics)

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26
Q

Diuretic

A

Causes the body to ride itself of excess fluids and sodium through urination

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27
Q

3 types of Diuretics and drugs names

A
  • Loop Diuretic (Furosimide)
  • Potassium Sparing Diuretic (Spironolactone)
  • Thiazide/ Thiazide - like agents (Hydrochlorothiazide)
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28
Q

Loop Diuretic

A

Furosemide (Lasix)

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29
Q

Potassium Sparing Diuretic

A

Spironolactone (Aldactone)

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30
Q

Thiazide/ Thiazide - like agents

A

Hydrochlorothiazide (Esidrix, Hydrodiuril)

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31
Q

ACE Inhibitors

A

Expands blood vessels and decreases resistance by lowering levels of angiotensin II. Allows blood to flow more easily and makes the heart’s work easier or more efficient.
“Prils”
Common ones, Benzapril (Lotensin), Ramipril (Altace)

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32
Q

Beta Adrenergic blocking agents

A 
“Beat Blockers” "lol"
Decrease HR and cardiac OP, which lowers blood pressure and makes the heart beat more slowly with less force.
Atenolol (Tenormin)
Metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol XL)
Propranolol (Inderal)
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33
Q

Drug Classes that can be used for Hypertension ABCD?

A

Diuretics
Beta blockers
ACE inhibitors
Calcium channel blockers

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34
Q

Drugs used for Heart Failure

A 
Vasodilators
Inotropic agents 
Diuretics
ACE inhibitors
Beta blockers
Calcium channel blockers
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35
Q

Most common drug used for HF

A

Digitalis Glycosides: Digoxin/ Lanoxin

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36
Q

Digitalis Glycosides

A

Increases the cardiac contractility and slows heart rate.

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37
Q

What must nurses always do before administering Digoxin?

A

Take apical pulse for one minute and ensure HR is more that 60bpm.

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38
Q

Digitalis Toxicity

A

Build up of digoxin in body.

S&S
Blurred vision
Anorexia
N&V

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39
Q

Dysrhythmias

A

a disturbance in the normal conduction of the heart causing abnormal contraction or HR.

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40
Q

Antiarrhythmic Drugs (Common)

A

Quinidine is the most common class one drug for dysrhythmias
Class 2 beta blockers
Class 4 Calcium Channel Blockers (Diltiazem, Verapamil)
Digitalis Glycoside

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41
Q

Serum Electrolytes

A

Potassium
Sodium
Chloride
Bicarbonate

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42
Q

Drugs used to treat Angina Pectoris

A

Nitrates (FOCUS ON THIS PRIMARILY)
Calcium channel blocker
Beta Blocker

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43
Q

Hyperlipidemia

A

Elevated levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood that can lead to atherosclerosis

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44
Q

Medication Routes

A 
Oral
Transdermal
Suppository
Intramuscular
Subcutaneous
Buccal
Ophthalmic/ intraocular
Enteral (GI tract, oral, rectal)
Percutaneous (through skin, occular, patch, inhaler, buccal)
Parenteral (Bypass GI, IV, IM, Subq, NEEDLES)
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45
Q

10 Rights

A 
Patient
Drug/ Med
Education
Dose
Time
Document
Reason
Refusal
Evaluation
Route
46
Q

3 important factors when using insulin

A

Onset
Peak
Duration

47
Q

4 types of insulin

A 
Rapid acting (meals, hyperglycemia)
Short acting (regular same as rapid)
Intermediate acting (NPH insulin)
Long acting

eg. short/ rapid before breakfast and long acting for the day. ENSURE FOOD IS IN SIGHT FOR RAPID OR SHORT ACTING INSULIN

48
Q

How should vials of insulin be mixed?

A

By rolling NOT SHAKING

49
Q

Metformin

A

Oral antidiabetic
axn: ^ insulin sensitivity in cells
Insulin must be present for it to work
Used with type 2 diabetes

50
Q

Glyburide/ Diabeta

A

Oral anti-diabetic for Type 2

axn: encourage pancreas to ^ insulin production

51
Q

Antihypoglycemic Agents

A

Glucagon
Used to treat hypoglycemic reactions, effective 5-20 minutes after injection.
It increases blood sugar

52
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Hypoglycemia

A 
Shakiness
Dizziness
Hunger/ slight nausea
Irritability
Sweating
Anxiety 
Headache
Sleepiness that may lead to unconsciousness
53
Q

Thyroid Hormone Replacement Drugs

A

Levothyroxine *
Eltroxin
Synthroid*

54
Q

Nitrates: Nitroglycerin Functions

A 
Coronary Vasodilators ( this increases myocardial oxygen)
Decreases venous return and cardiac workload
Side effects, headache and hypotension
55
Q

Red blood clots

A

Venous thrombus
Mostly erythrocytes and fibrin with very few platelets
Forms in response to venous pooling after immobility, or surgery.
Most common cause of DVT in lower extremities

56
Q

White Blood Clots

A

Composed of platelets and fibrin

Forms in areas of high blood flow due to injured vessel walls (no longer smooth due to plaque formation)

57
Q

Drugs for thromboembolic disorders

A 
Platelet inhibitors (Aspirin, Anacin, Bayer, Plavix)
Anticoagulants (Heparin, Coumadin)
Fibrinolytic Agents (Thrombolytics)
58
Q

Platelet Inhibitor Drugs

A

Aspirin, Anacin, Bayer, Plavix

59
Q

Anticoagulant Drugs

A

Heparin, Coumadin

Heparin is usually short term used for surgery via IV, or IM. Coumadin is usually used long term and orally.

60
Q

Fibrinolytic Agents (Thrombolytics)

A

just know that they break down clots

61
Q

What kind of blood test will be done for Coumadin (Warfarin) ?

A

PT (Prothrombin), PTT(Partial thromboplastin time), and INR

62
Q

What kind of blood test will be done for Heparin?

A

aPTT

63
Q

Lovenox

A

is a lesser risk low molecular for blood heparin (Dalteparin/ fragmin)

A more gentle version

64
Q

Nursing Considerations For Anticoagulants

A

Check lab tests before administering anticoagulants (warfarin) for clotting times (PT, PTT, INR)
Prevent bleeding but report & record
Check urine, stools, and sputum for signs of blood
History of epistaxis
Soft toothbrush
Medical alert bracelet

65
Q

Drugs used for Psychosis

A

Antipsychotics
Benzodiazepines for acute episodes
Beta adrenergic agents; antiparkinsonian and anticholinergic agents are sometimes used in treatment for psychoses.

66
Q

Antipsychotics (First Generation)

A

AXN: block dopamine in the brain. The atypical APs block serotonin receptors and dopamine receptors.
Used as txt for schizophrenia, mania, psychotic depression and psychotic organic brain syndrome. Often Haldol is used

67
Q

Extrapyramidal Effect (Side effect from Antipsychotics)

A

Extrapyramidal Effect
Acute Dystonia (spasmodic movements, prolonged tonic contractions)
Pseudoparkinsonian symptoms (decrease in dopamine causing parkinson’s symptoms)
Akathisia (anxiety and restlessness)
Tardive Dyskinesia (involuntary hyperkinetic abnormal movement, always specific to antipsychotic drugs)

68
Q

Type 1 Insulins

A

Humalog (Rapid)
Novorapid (Rapid)
Regular/ Toronto (Short)
NPH (Cloudy Long acting)

69
Q

Things to remember about insulin

A

Refrigerated until opened, then room temp for up to 30 days
Vials should be rolled not shaken
Draw up clear first, then cloudy
Shot sites should be rotated

70
Q

Drugs that treat Upper Respiratory Diseases (common cold, rhinitis, allergic sinusits)

A

Antihistamines
Nasal Decongestants
Antitussives
Expectorants (mucinex, mucolytics)

71
Q

H1 Antihistamines Antagonist

A

Block natural histamine from attaching to the receptor sites. They also have an anticholinergic effect
Helps to prevent adverse consequences of natural histamine stimulation. (Dries nasal secretions, salivary and lacrimal secretions (runny nose, teary and itchy eyes)

72
Q

Antihistamines

A

Take before symptoms occur or when they appear. They cannot stop symptoms that are already present
Sedation
Anticholinergic side effects (dry mouth, stuffy nose, blurred vision, constipation, and urinary retention)

73
Q

Sympathomimetic decongestants

A

Stimulate alpha adrenergic receptors of the nasal mucosal membranes, which causes vasoconstriction, decreased blood flow to nasal area, promotes sinus drainage.

74
Q

Indications for use of decongestants

A

Congestion due to rhinitis
Used antihistamines for allergic rhinitis, (counteracts drowsiness from antihistimines). Routes nasal spray or oral drops.

75
Q

Rhinitis Medicamentosa

A

Over use and a rebound effect and increase original symptoms

76
Q

Corticosteroids (Resp)

A

Respiratory anti inflammatory agents
Used if patients unresponsive to antihistamines and sympathomimetic agents
Nasal spray or topical for allergic rhinitis
Side effects, nasal irritation and adrenal suppression with prolonged use

77
Q

Factors that cause airway constriction

A

Hypersecretion of mucous
Mucosal edema
Bronchoconstriction

78
Q

Treatment of lower respiratory diseases

A 
Expectorants
Antitussives
Mucolytics
Mucolytics
Anti inflammatory corticosteroids
79
Q

Expectorants

A

Increases serous fluid secretion by respiratory tract. Eg. Guaifenesin/ Robitussin

80
Q

Antitussive

A 
Cough suppressant (non productive cough)
Codeine and dextromethorphan
81
Q

Codeine

A

Antitussive, can be addictive and cause respiratory depression, and constipation

82
Q

Mucolytics

A

Dissolves chemical bonds within mucus and loosens secretions

83
Q

Bronchodilators

A

Beta- adrenergic = stimulates dilation
Anticholinergic = inhibits cholinergic receptors causing bronchoconstriction
Xanthine - Derivative = acts on smooth muscles of bronchial tree, produces bronchodilation

84
Q

Ventolin

A

(Salbutamol) KNOW
Short acting: rapid onset, can be used frequently during an acute attack. Generally should not need to be used daily, but it would indicate better treatment is needed

85
Q

Anti inflammatory agent - Corticosteroid

A

act on smooth muscle relaxation, enhance beta adrenergic bronchodilators, and inhibit inflammatory response in lungs
Not used for acute relief of bronchospasm
Use bronchodilator first and then corticosteroid (rinse mouth after)
Pulmicort (inhalation) and prednisone (oral) know these two

86
Q

GERD and ulcer treatment

A

Antacids: buffers pH of HCL in stomach 1-2 to 3-4
Histamine 2 receptor antagonists: blocks HCL production
Gastrointestinal Prostaglandins: inhibit gastric acid and pepsin secretion
Proton pump inhibitors: Blocks HCL formation

87
Q

Hyperemesis Gravidarum

A

During pregnancy, develop starvation, dehydration, and acidosis due to excess vomiting

88
Q

Psychogenic vomiting

A

Seeing someone else vomit and it induces vomiting

89
Q

Drugs used for N&V

A

Anticholinergic agents: Counterbalance excess amounts of ACH which are thought to cause motion sickness. (dimenhydrinate, dramamine, Gravol*, diphenhydramine, scopolamine)

90
Q

Kidney Infection

A

Pyelonephritis

91
Q

Bladder infection

A

Cystitis

92
Q

Prostate infection

A

Prostatitis

93
Q

Urethral infection

A

Urethritis

94
Q

Medication for disorders of urinary system

A 
Quinolone Antibiotics (Just know norfloxacin, broader spectrum)
Urinary anticholinergic (for bladder spasms, oxybutin)
Miscellaneous Urinary Agents (Pyridium, analgesic)
95
Q

Narcotic

A

Opiates, or controlled substances creating euphoria

96
Q

Opioid

A

Synthetic opium

97
Q

Opiates

A

Naturally derived

98
Q

Addiction

A

Psychological need for the drug

99
Q

Dependance

A

Physical need for a drug

100
Q

equi - analgesia

A

Very different drugs but have same effect of pain relief

Tylenol vs ibuprofen

101
Q

Receptors

A

Receptors

Nerve fibers that transmit messages to the brain

102
Q

Analgesia

A

Pain relief

103
Q

Partial agonist

A

Milder response drug effect

104
Q

Antagonist

A

Oppose or block a response

105
Q

Agonist

A

Drug that attaches to a receptor site and causes a response

106
Q

Pain Threshold

A

Is the point at which an individual first acknowledges or interprets a sensation being painful

107
Q

Idiopathic pain

A

Nonspecific pain of unknown origin, anxiety, depression and stress are often associated with this sort of pain

108
Q

Neuropathic pain

A

Is the result of an injury to the PNS or CNS (ie. trigeminal neuralgia)

109
Q

Nociceptive pain

A

The result of a stimulus (chemical, mechanical, thermal) to pain receptors
Somatic pain is from the skin, bones, muscle (eg. arthritis) specific, you know where the pain is coming from
Visceral Pain originates from abdominal or thoracic organs

110
Q

Pain Tolerance

A

The person’s ability to endure pain

111
Q

PQRST Method

A

Provoke (What caused pain)
Quality (What does it feel like)
Radiates (Does the pain go anywhere else)
Severity (1-10) (Do you need meds?)
Time (When did it start, how long does it last)

112
Q

LOTARP Method

A

Location (point to pain)
Onset (when did it start)
Type (can you describe it)
Associated Symptoms (other symptoms?)
Aggravating factors (what makes it worse?)
Relieving factors (what makes it better?)
Precipitating events (what where you doing when it started)

Pharmacology (1 decks)

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