pharmacology: safety and toxicology

Question 1

3 reasons for failures of drug development, which is more expensive

Answer 1

safety
efficacy (more exp as it takes longer to get here)
economics

Question 2

factors affecting risk:benefit ratio

Answer 2

toxicology
efficacy
disease in qn

Question 3

early stage safety evaluation stages and description

Answer 3

target identification/lead identification/lead optimisation
target info from knock out + mutational + SNP studies
test compounds
rational design
knowledge of liabilities

Question 4

late discovery stage safety evaluation stages and description

Answer 4

lead optimisation, candidate nomination, preclinical development
tolerability 
cardiac integrated risk assessment 
genotoxicity risk 
toxicity studies